Second Spanish Republic: Reforms of the Biennium (1931-1933)
Reforming the Biennium (1931-1933)
Between 14 April 1931 and 19 November 1933, the Republican administration worked for forces of center-left.
The Provisional Government (14 April – 28 June 1931)
The provisional government of the republic, headed by Niceto Alcalá Zamora, convened elections for 28 June. The government declared the 8-hour workday and the obligation to give priority to workers a place to work out of their farms. It also ruled that the owners had all the land. Regarding education, the
Read MoreThe Labor Movement: Origins, Ideologies, and Organizations
The Labor Movement
The labor movement began in the mid-19th century. Its aim was to improve the poor living and working conditions of workers during the industrialization process. The level of development of the labor movement varied between countries, based on their level of industrial development, the class consciousness of the workers, whether or not there were laws permitting freedom of association, and how much the labor movement ideology influenced workers.
The Ideology: Socialism
Paradoxically,
Read More17th Century Europe: Conflicts, Politics & Culture
Key Conflicts and Treaties (17th Century)
- Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648): Began with a conflict in Germany between the Catholic emperor, who defended the unity of the Empire, and the Protestant German princes, who sought greater autonomy.
- Treaty of Westphalia (1648): Required the emperor to accept religious tolerance and acknowledge the power of the German princes, while Spain had to accept the independence of the United Provinces.
- Franco-Spanish War (1648-1659): France and Spain continued fighting
Spain’s Revolutionary Sexennium & the 1868 Glorious Revolution
The Revolutionary Sexennium (1868-1874)
The Sexenio Democrático, or Revolutionary Sexennium, was one of the most turbulent periods recorded in Spanish history. Politically, various forms of government were tested, ultimately ending with the Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy under Alfonso XII, son of Isabel II.
The ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1868
Causes of the Revolution
In September 1868, the so-called “Glorious Revolution” (La Gloriosa) erupted, beginning with a military uprising in Cádiz that gained
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: 1936 Origins, Uprising, and Division
Introduction: The Path to Conflict
In 1936, the deep contradictions within Spanish society led to an armed confrontation. This marked a break from the democratic path and had profound consequences, including a dictatorship lasting almost 40 years and Spain’s resulting isolation from European democracies.
Military Uprising and International Context
Causes of the Conflict
The causes of the uprising were multifaceted:
- Remote Causes: The manner in which the liberal revolution was conducted in Spain, frequent
Spain’s 1812 Constitution and the Cortes of Cádiz
Las Cortes de Cádiz and the Constitution of 1812
The beginning of liberalism in Spain occurred in 1812, developing during the Peninsular War and expressed through the Cortes of Cádiz.
The Cortes of Cádiz
The process leading to the Cortes of Cádiz began in the Supreme Central Junta. The Parliament officially opened on September 24, 1810, on the Isle of León, but relocated to Cádiz in February 1811. In the first session, the decree establishing the Cortes was adopted, formulating the principles
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