The Rise and Fall of the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1936)
On April 12, 1931, municipal elections were held in which the Republican ticket won. On April 14, the republic was proclaimed. In response, King Alfonso XIII left the country for exile. The representatives of each party who signed the Pact of San Sebastián concluded a provisional government that proclaimed the Second Spanish Republic, which immediately called for elections to the Constituent Assembly. In parallel, the government enacted a series of measures. The republic had popular support, but
Read MoreThe Second Spanish Republic: A Tumultuous Journey to Civil War
The Second Spanish Republic: From Monarchy to Civil War
The Fall of the Monarchy and the Rise of the Republic
Facing mounting opposition, King Alfonso XIII withdrew his support for Primo de Rivera, leading to his resignation on January 30, 1930. General Berenguer was tasked with organizing elections to restore normalcy. However, opposition forces, including Republicans, Catalanists, and the PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party), signed the Pact of San Sebastian, aiming to establish a provisional
Read MoreEarly American History: Key Figures and Events (1801-1807)
Early American Political Figures and Events (1801-1807)
Key Figures
John Adams and the “New Navy”
Sailors in the newly established navy under President John Adams, often referred to as the “Father of the American Navy,” were sometimes derogatorily called “John Adams Jackasses.”
Aaron Burr
Aaron Burr served as the third Vice President of the United States from 1801 to 1805, under President Thomas Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson
Due to his reddish hair and tall stature, Jefferson was sometimes nicknamed “Red
Read MoreThe Rise of Stalinism: From War Communism to the Five-Year Plans
The Civil War and War Communism (1918-1921)
The Russian Civil War emerged as a reaction to the chaos of the Bolshevik Revolution. Counterrevolutionary forces, known as the White Army, united against Lenin’s government and fought on multiple fronts: Siberia, Poland, Crimea, the Caucasus, and the Don Valley. Foreign powers, including Britain, France, Japan, and the United States, provided economic and military aid to the White Army. Lenin’s Red Army, initially composed of volunteer Red Guard militia,
Read MoreThe 19th Century Political Turmoil in Spain: From Elizabethan Era to the First Republic
1.4 The Elizabethan Era in Spain
The death of Fernando VII marked the end of the old regime and the rise of the bourgeoisie in Spain. Fernando VII had named his daughter, Elizabeth II, as his heir, but the Salic law prohibited women from inheriting the throne. This led to the Carlist Wars, a conflict between supporters of a parliamentary monarchy and those who favored absolute monarchy and tradition. The wars concluded in 1839 with Isabel II’s victory, but Carlism persisted among peasants in the
Read MoreUnderstanding the Franco Regime: Repression and Identity in Spain
Debugging staff was another key resource to provide consistency to the state rising. The officials that were considered very similar or opposing the Franco regime were sections of their sites.
Throughout the forties, an atmosphere of distrust and persecution prevailed around the country. The network of heads of district and house established by the phalanx of devoted followers captured by the regime while the influence of the extended game only lexpedició through certificates of good conduct and