The Labor Movement: Origins, Ideologies, and Organizations

The Labor Movement

The labor movement began in the mid-19th century. Its aim was to improve the poor living and working conditions of workers during the industrialization process. The level of development of the labor movement varied between countries, based on their level of industrial development, the class consciousness of the workers, whether or not there were laws permitting freedom of association, and how much the labor movement ideology influenced workers.

The Ideology: Socialism

Paradoxically,

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17th Century Europe: Conflicts, Politics & Culture

Key Conflicts and Treaties (17th Century)

  • Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648): Began with a conflict in Germany between the Catholic emperor, who defended the unity of the Empire, and the Protestant German princes, who sought greater autonomy.
  • Treaty of Westphalia (1648): Required the emperor to accept religious tolerance and acknowledge the power of the German princes, while Spain had to accept the independence of the United Provinces.
  • Franco-Spanish War (1648-1659): France and Spain continued fighting
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Spain’s Revolutionary Sexennium & the 1868 Glorious Revolution

The Revolutionary Sexennium (1868-1874)

The Sexenio Democrático, or Revolutionary Sexennium, was one of the most turbulent periods recorded in Spanish history. Politically, various forms of government were tested, ultimately ending with the Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy under Alfonso XII, son of Isabel II.

The ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1868

Causes of the Revolution

In September 1868, the so-called “Glorious Revolution” (La Gloriosa) erupted, beginning with a military uprising in Cádiz that gained

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Spanish Civil War: 1936 Origins, Uprising, and Division

Introduction: The Path to Conflict

In 1936, the deep contradictions within Spanish society led to an armed confrontation. This marked a break from the democratic path and had profound consequences, including a dictatorship lasting almost 40 years and Spain’s resulting isolation from European democracies.

Military Uprising and International Context

Causes of the Conflict

The causes of the uprising were multifaceted:

  • Remote Causes: The manner in which the liberal revolution was conducted in Spain, frequent
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Spain’s 1812 Constitution and the Cortes of Cádiz

Las Cortes de Cádiz and the Constitution of 1812

The beginning of liberalism in Spain occurred in 1812, developing during the Peninsular War and expressed through the Cortes of Cádiz.

The Cortes of Cádiz

The process leading to the Cortes of Cádiz began in the Supreme Central Junta. The Parliament officially opened on September 24, 1810, on the Isle of León, but relocated to Cádiz in February 1811. In the first session, the decree establishing the Cortes was adopted, formulating the principles

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International Trade, Gold Standard, and Industrial Revolutions

1. The Free Trade Area

Factors such as the diffusion of technological innovations, migration, international capital flow, the increase of foreign trade per capita, and the first economic Globalization (1870-1914) caused the dissemination of industrialization.

There were two kinds of obstacles to international trade:

  • Natural obstacles, like transport means or routes.
  • Institutional obstacles, like the ancient regime or mercantilism.

There are also two theoretical foundations of free trade:

  • The absolute
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