The Rise of International Tensions and the Outbreak of World War I
1. Shifting Partnerships and Rising Tensions
The Fall of Bismarck and New Alliances
In 1888, Germany’s young Kaiser Wilhelm II ascended the throne. He clashed with Chancellor Bismarck over colonial ambitions, believing expansion essential to rival Britain. Bismarck’s resignation marked the end of his carefully maintained balance of power. New treaties emerged:
- Franco-Russian Entente (1891): Czar Alexander III, needing an ally in the Balkans, formed a secret defensive pact with France.
- Entente Cordiale
Spanish Political Transformations: 1931-1958
1931 Constitution
The 1931 Constitution, authored by the Constituent Cortes representing national sovereignty, was created following the June 28, 1931 elections. The victory of Republicans and Socialists led to the Constitution’s democratic character. This selection of articles highlights key political, legal, and social aspects.
Main Idea: Proclamation of the Republic and its new principles.
- Articles 1-8: Spain is declared a democratic republic of workers, emphasizing popular sovereignty and rejecting
Chile’s Path to Stability: 1823-1861
Chile’s Path to Political Stability (1823-1861)
The Cost of Independence (1823-1830)
The period between O’Higgins’ abdication (1823) and the Battle of Lircay (1830) was a turbulent era of political anarchy and national organization. Key challenges included:
- Inexperience of the Political Class: Creole leaders lacked political experience and training.
- Economic Difficulties: Instability plagued the economy, with mining as the only thriving sector. The loss of the Peruvian market and national debt necessitated
Glossary of Spanish History: Key Terms & Concepts
Africa
Referred to the military, specifically those who spent most of their careers in the colonial army stationed in the Protectorate of Morocco. The constant battles to subdue the Rif tribes, while costly in lives, allowed survivors to quickly climb the military ranks through merit-based promotions earned in war (Franco, a notable Africanist, became a general at 33). Envied by other officers, they developed a caste spirit and became hostile towards politicians. Their experience in Africa significantly
Read MoreFranco’s Dictatorship: Guerrilla Warfare, Exile, and International Relations
The Post-Civil War Period (1939-1945)
The Guerrilla
The political organizations that formed the Popular Front split, faced exile, and confronted each other. Aware of the magnitude of the defeat, the Socialists pinned their hopes on regime change through the intervention of the democratic powers. They sought to encourage and promote agreements with anti-Franco democratic organizations, which vetoed the presence of the PCE (Communist Party of Spain). As it had no influence on governments, the PCE held
Read MoreThe Return of Fernando VII and the Absolutist Regime in Spain
The Return of Fernando VII and the Absolutist Regime in Spain (1814-1820)
Historical Context
Upon Fernando VII’s return to Spain in 1814 following the Napoleonic Wars, the nation erupted in enthusiastic celebration. However, the King’s intentions regarding the changes that had occurred during his absence quickly became clear. On May 4th, after being received by General Elio in Valencia, he issued a royal decree abolishing the Cortes of Cádiz, declaring all its actions void, and effectively abolishing
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