The Second Republic: From Dictatorship to Reform
The Second Republic: From Dictatorship to Republic
Following the resignation of Primo de Rivera, King Alfonso XIII commissioned the formation of a new government under General Dámaso Berenguer. However, a return to the previous dictatorial regime was impossible because:
- The dynastic parties (conservative and liberal) had lost their organizational structure and were discredited during the dictatorship.
- The king was unpopular, as the urban public identified him with the dictator and held him responsible
The Rise and Fall of Empires: From Rome to the Modern Era
Slave Economy and the Crisis of the Roman Empire
Maximum Height and Expansion (2nd Century)
The Roman Empire reached its peak during the 2nd century under emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius.
The Crisis of the 3rd Century
The 3rd century saw a decline in the Roman Empire, marked by barbarian incursions, attacks on cities, weakening urban centers, a decline in trade, and a crisis in urban craft production. Simultaneously, rural production units (villages) gained importance, becoming more self-
Read More19th Century Land Confiscation in Spain: A Historical Analysis
The 19th Century Land Confiscation in Spain
Introduction
The 19th-century land confiscation in Spain, spanning from 1766 to 1924, marked a significant historical process. The state sold off non-circulating properties to private citizens, integrating these assets into the free market. This transformation primarily impacted properties held by civil and ecclesiastical institutions, including archives, libraries, and monasteries. The sales aimed to bolster the liberal economic system, expand private
Read MoreThe Restoration Regime in Spain: Alfonso XII & the 1876 Constitution
The Restoration Regime in Spain
a) Reign of Alfonso XII: The Canovist System and the 1876 Constitution
On December 29, 1874, General Martínez Campos led a coup in Sagunto and proclaimed Alfonso XII King of Spain. He formed a provisional government led by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, a confidant of the King. Cánovas had developed the Sandhurst Manifesto, setting out the principles of a new regime based on a liberal monarchy. In January 1875, the King arrived in Madrid and the Restoration began.
Read MoreThe French Revolution: Causes, Phases, and Impact
The French Revolution
The Causes of the Revolution
In 1789, France was in a deep economic and social crisis.
- Since 1760, poor harvests resulted in a rise in food prices.
- The bourgeoisie, wealthy and influential, desired positions in the political world.
- The monarchy was in financial crisis, both due to their own expenses and the cost of aiding the American Revolution. The monarchy could not demand tax payments from the nobility without losing their support.
The Beginning of the Revolution: 1789
The revolution
Read MoreThe Reign of Ferdinand VII and the Emancipation of Spanish America
Fernando VII: Absolutism and Liberalism. 11.4. The Emancipation of Spanish America.
The Reign of Ferdinand VII (1814-1833)
The end of the War of Independence and the return of Fernando VII resulted in the cancellation of liberal reforms and the restoration of the Old Regime. His reign is divided into three stages:
The First Restoration (1814-1820)
In 1814, Fernando VII returned to Spain from France, acclaimed by the people. He soon came under pressure from senior army officers, the Church, and conservative
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