Spain’s Political Turmoil: Reign of Alfonso XIII (1900-1920s)
The Reign of Alfonso XIII (1900-1920s)
During the last quarter of the 19th century, Spain experienced a period of stability thanks to the Restoration. However, throughout the early 20th century, during the reign of Alfonso XIII, emerging forces struggled to find a place within the established Canovist party system.
Causes of the Restoration System Crisis
At the beginning of the 20th century, following the colonial disaster of 1898, a sense of regeneration and the need for reforms swept through the
Read MoreGothic Architecture: A Comprehensive Guide
Gothic Architecture: An Overview
Introduction
Gothic art emerged in the mid-12th century and persisted until the early 16th century, coexisting with Romanesque and Renaissance styles. Its influence spread across Europe and beyond. The term “Gothic,” initially pejorative due to its perceived departure from classical styles, was later reclaimed during the 19th-century Romantic era’s renewed interest in the medieval world. Today, Gothic is recognized as a naturalistic movement, distinct from classical
Read MoreHistory of Venezuelan Lapses: Caudillism, Civil Wars, and Political Leaders
Review of Venezuelan History: Lapses, Caudillism, and Civil Wars
Caudillism and Civil War
Leadership is a phenomenon driven by individuals who, through their knowledge, fortune, or charisma, gain the support of citizens. Venezuela’s history is marked by periods of civil war.
Civil Wars
Venezuela has experienced significant periods of internal conflict. These wars shaped the nation’s development and influenced the techniques employed in subsequent revolutions.
Classification of Venezuelan Caudillos
Independentista
Read MoreThe Reign of Ferdinand VII (1814-1833): Absolutism vs. Liberalism
The Reign of Ferdinand VII (1814-1833)
4. The Old Regime Crisis
The Old Regime crisis began with disputes during the reign of Charles IV, including the Mutiny of Aranjuez and the uprising of May 2, 1808. This led to a confrontation between absolutism and liberalism, with increasingly radical political positions. The struggle continued throughout Ferdinand VII’s reign, highlighting the power of the Old Regime’s privileged class and the weakness of liberal forces. By the end of this period, it became
Read MoreRise of the USSR: From Tsarist Russia to Soviet Power
The Fall of Tsarist Russia
Opposition to the Tsar
Russia’s Tsar ruled under an absolutist political regime, creating a stark divide between rural and urban life. The peasantry faced unfair conditions, while significant industrial development occurred in cities like Moscow and St. Petersburg. The Tsarist regime relied heavily on the Tsarina and the bureaucracy. In the latter half of the 19th century, opposition movements emerged.
- Among the peasantry: Populists advocating for land redistribution and
The Spanish Constitution of 1869: A Democratic Turning Point
The Spanish Constitution of 1869
Historical Context
The Constitution of 1869, the first democratic constitution in the history of Spain, was enacted on June 5, 1869. This period marked the end of conservatism under the Liberal Union. The alternating power structure and repressive measures led to widespread unpopularity and military uprisings, including those led by General Prim. Progressives, Democrats, and eventually Unionists, united to overthrow Queen Isabella II and establish a new government
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