The Regeneration Crisis in Spain (1902-1923)
The Political Regeneration (1902-1912)
Conservative and Liberal Reform Attempts
Since the beginning of Alfonso XIII’s reign, politicians sought to implement the regeneration principles of Joaquín Costa. Conservative Antonio Maura and Liberal José Canalejas attempted reforms from within the system, but political attrition led to their failure.
In 1906, the Restoration system experienced its first major crisis, revealing the tension between civil and military power. One of the regime’s concerns was
Read MoreSpain’s War of Independence (1808-1814): From French Alliance to National Uprising
Spain’s War of Independence (1808-1814)
From French Alliance to National Uprising
Charles IV and his minister, Floridablanca, sought to insulate Spain from the French Revolution through strict censorship and border control. Following a brief period under the Count of Aranda, Manuel Godoy was appointed minister in 1792, becoming a key figure for the remainder of Charles IV’s reign.
The execution of Louis XVI in 1793 led to the breakdown of the Spanish-French alliance. Spain joined an international coalition,
Read MoreThe Fall of the Spanish Monarchy and the Rise of the Second Republic
I. The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship
I.4 Scheme to the Institution
After three years in power, Primo de Rivera, unwilling to return to military life, considered a reorganization of the state and constitutional reform. He convened a National Consultative Assembly to discuss this reform, seeking legitimacy through a plebiscite, which included women’s participation for the first time.
In 1927, a single-chamber assembly with government-appointed delegates met. The dictator announced a new policy agenda
Read MoreThe Spanish Constitution of 1812
Introduction
This text discusses the Spanish Constitution of 1812, promulgated during the Napoleonic invasion of Spain. This legal document, the first constitution in Spanish history, established the framework for the distribution of powers, institutions, and citizen rights.
Background
The Constitution’s creation stemmed from the political turmoil following Ferdinand VII’s accession to the Spanish throne, the Mutiny of Aranjuez, and Napoleon’s subsequent placement of his brother, Joseph Bonaparte,
Read MoreRise of Nazism in Germany: Key Problems and Policies
Key Problems of the Weimar Republic
Early Challenges
- Rebellions by radical social democrats
- Emergence of the Communist Party as an enemy
- Difficult economic situation leading to hyperinflation
- Failure to resolve economic issues through plans like the Dawes Plan
Rise of Nazism
The early 1920s saw the rise of the Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler. Hitler’s party was extremist, racist, and aggressive. He aimed to reach all social classes, advocating a form of socialism while rejecting class struggle. Key ideas
Read MoreThe Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939): A Tumultuous Era
The Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939)
The Fall of the Monarchy and the Rise of the Republic
In 1930, Primo de Rivera resigned, leading Alfonso XIII to form a new government under Berenguer. This government lasted until 1931 when it was replaced by Aznar’s administration, which held power until the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on April 14, 1931.
The Provisional Government and the Constitution of 1931
The revolutionary committee transformed into an interim committee chaired by Zamora,
Read More