The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Phases of the War
Previous Events: On July 18, 1936, a military coup, led by a faction of the army, was launched with the aim of overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic. The coup leaders intended to swiftly seize control and suppress any opposition. However, the coup triggered a bloody civil war that divided the country.
The Two Sides
The Nationalists (Rebels): This faction comprised military conservatives, monarchists, right-wing groups, Catholics, traditionalists, and those opposed to the Republic’
Read More19th Century Spain: Progressive Era & Reign of Elizabeth II
Main Progressive Economic Measures of the Biennium (1855-1857)
The Progressive Biennium was a period of significant economic reform in Spain, largely driven by the progressive secularization initiated by P. Madoz. Key objectives included:
- Reducing the state’s deficit.
- Addressing food shortages and price fluctuations.
- Implementing the General Law of Railways.
The General Law of Railways
This law aimed to stimulate economic development through railway construction. The state played a crucial role by granting
Read MoreThe Cold War: A Global Ideological Conflict
Introduction
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, which lasted from 1947 to 1991. It was called the “Cold War” because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars.
The Bipolar World
The Cold War created a bipolar world, divided between the capitalist West, led by the United States,
Read MoreSpain in the Early 20th Century: Crisis & Transformation
Spain in the Early 20th Century: Crisis and Transformation
Alfonso XIII and the Crisis of the Restoration – II
1. The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923-1930) and the Fall of the Monarchy
A) The Coup of 1923
Causes of the Coup:
- Effects of the Annual: The army was humiliated and criticized by the king, and public opinion called for ending the Moroccan War.
- The rise of nationalism in Catalonia and the Basque Country worried the conservative right.
- The division of the Liberal and Conservative parties and
The Age of Imperialism: Causes, Consequences, and World War I
The Age of Imperialism
6. The Age of Imperialism
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, industrialized nations experienced a period of peace and economic prosperity due to advancements from the Second Industrial Revolution.
1. Imperialism and its Causes
1.1. Europe’s Key Role
In the late 19th century, the Second Industrial Revolution transformed the economies of major European powers (Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Germany, etc.). Technological innovations, new work organization methods,
Read MoreHistory of the Iberian Peninsula: From Carthaginians to Kingdoms
History of the Iberian Peninsula
The Carthaginian and Roman Period
Between the First and Second Punic Wars, the Carthaginians invaded the Iberian Peninsula, establishing colonies like Ibiza and Cartagena (named after the original Carthage). They also absorbed cities such as Cadiz and Malaga. After defeating Carthage, Rome began a gradual occupation of the peninsula, lasting over 200 years.
The Romans faced resistance, including the long siege of Numancia and the guerrilla war led by Viriato. After
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