Key Figures and Movements of the Spanish Second Republic Era
Hedilla
Spanish politician affiliated with the Spanish Falange. In 1935, he was the head of Santander province, and in 1936, he became the leader of the northern area. During the Civil War, he was appointed chairman of the Joint Command of the Falange. He notably opposed the unification of the Carlists and Falangists into a single party.
HISMA-ROWAK
These were two companies (Rowak and Hisma) involved in supporting German nationals and trade. They were instrumental in the compensation mechanisms related
Read MoreInternational Intervention and the Spanish Civil War Aftermath
International Support in the Spanish Civil War
The international dimension of the conflict began when the Nationalists were supported by the fascist powers, Italy and Germany, which provided equipment and troops to the insurgent army.
The Policy of Non-Intervention
In September 1936, France and England formed a Committee of Non-Intervention, joined by the major European powers. The policy of non-intervention particularly harmed the Republican government, as France and England offered no help and even
Read MoreBritain’s Role and Cultural Impact of World Wars I and II
World War I: The Great War (1914–1918)
World War I, also called the First World War or the Great War, was an international conflict that, from 1914 to 1918, embroiled most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other regions.
The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central
Read MoreSpain’s Authoritarian Era: Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship (1923-1930)
The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923–1930)
Causes of the Coup
Several factors explain why the military dictatorship was viewed as a solution to the crisis among the high bourgeoisie, much of the middle classes, and the Army:
- Military Discontent: Unhappiness within the Army following the Disaster of Annual and the effort to suppress the consequences of the Picasso File investigation, which implicated high-ranking generals, including General Berenguer.
- Political Instability: The rise of peripheral
Architectural Legacy: The Great Mosque of Cordoba’s Almanzor Expansion
Architectural Features of the Cordoba Mosque Expansion
Distinctive Arch and Door Designs
The expansion features records with new decorations. The arch is significantly more closed, resulting in eccentric intrados and extrados. Door architraves are adorned with voussoirs. An alfiz, with painted decoration in red and white, frames the door. Pai pai decoration is visible in the upper corners of the arch.
Upper Floor and Side Door Elements
On the second floor, intersecting arches create Caliphate horseshoe
Read MoreWorld War I: Causes, Development, and Russian Revolutions
Causes of the Conflict
Hostility between France and Germany stemmed from the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), during which Prussia defeated France and annexed Alsace-Lorraine. Germany, though disadvantaged in colonial partitioning compared to France and Great Britain, led Europe’s industrial and economic development and sought its own colonial empire. Nations formed alliances to protect their interests, with no international forum for dispute resolution. The Second Industrial Revolution fueled an
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