English History: Regional Divides and Cultural Shifts (Caesar to Tudor)
1. Analyzing the North-South Divide in England (Caesar to Henry VII)
The north-south divide fostered rivalries between northern and southern elites, which often led to partisan and civil conflicts. For example, during the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), the southern Lancastrians clashed with the northern Yorkists, reflecting deeply rooted regional loyalties.
From the beginning, the south, especially the southeast region of England, was integrated early into the Roman economy through the development
Read MoreUnderstanding Key Events and Concepts of World War I
Photo of the Map: What is the map representing? Plan Schlieffen – What was its main objective? Occupy France quickly through Belgium – Was it a success? Why? No, because it took much longer than expected and the Germans couldn’t occupy France. Photo of the Ship: What is the picture representing? The sinking of the Lusitania – What was the objective of that ship? The Americans sent supplies to help the Triple Entente – What was the consequence of that situation? The intervention of the USA. Photo
Read MorePublic Health Principles: Disinfection, Epidemiology, and Occupational Safety
Disinfection Principles and Methods
Disinfection is the process of destroying or inactivating disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens) from objects, surfaces, water, or the environment, so that they cannot cause infection.
Properties of an Ideal Disinfectant
- Broad-spectrum.
- Rapid action.
- Non-toxic to humans and animals.
- Stable in storage.
- Works in the presence of organic matter.
- Economical and easy to use.
Types of Disinfection
1. Physical Methods
- Heat: Boiling water, steam under pressure, dry heat.
- Radiation:
World Wars and the American Century: 1914–1945
World War I: Causes, Conflict, and Consequences
The Four Main Causes of WWI
Explain the significance and key people or parties involved/impacted:
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism (MAIN)
- Nationalism: Pride in one’s national identity. Cultures desired self-determination without foreign interference.
- Imperialism: The process of turning colonies into “empires,” leading to intense competition between nations.
- Militarism: The development of stronger armed forces and weapons in competition with
The Genesis of the Cold War: Political, Economic, and Security Roots (1945–1949)
Theme I: The Cold War
1. Origins of the Cold War (1945–1949)
I. Political and Ideological Roots
- Sovietization of Eastern Europe (1945)
- Violated the ‘Declaration of Liberated Europe’ (1945 Yalta Conference) through the use of force.
- Salami Tactics: Holding elections, but often accompanied by intimidation and fraud.
- In Hungary, Soviets initially allowed non-Communist parties, but these were later crushed or rendered powerless.
- The Polish government formed in 1945 was predominantly Communist (14 out of
The Decline of Habsburg Spain and the Rise of the Bourbons
The Decline of the Hispanic Monarchy
Reign of Felipe III: A Pacifist Approach
Felipe III presided over the largest empire but delegated his authority to a valido who depended on the king’s favor. He faced several problems, which he solved with pacifist policies, including:
- Peace with England: Solidified by the Treaty of London.
- Peace with France.
- The Twelve Years’ Truce with the Netherlands: This was an indirect way of recognizing the northern provinces’ independence, as this truce could not be renewed.