UGT-CNT Manifesto and the 1917 General Strike in Spain
UGT-CNT Joint Manifesto
Context and Source
The text provided is a politico-historical commentary. It is a primary source of clear political content, dated 1917. It relates to the period of the Restoration crisis during the reign of Alfonso XIII. The authors are collective and represent the two main syndicalist workers’ organizations in the country: the CNT (anarchist affiliation) and the UGT (socialist). The text is addressed to public opinion with the intention of reporting workers’ claims and stating
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Cultural Consequences of the War
The war was also a cultural catastrophe. Most intellectuals rallied in support of the Republic and were subsequently exiled, meaning the country lost most of its prominent writers, artists, and professionals.
Establishing the Francoist State
On April 1, 1939, the Spanish Civil War ended. Franco’s victory gave him absolute power, marking the beginning of a long dictatorship.
Franco’s Consolidation of Power
Franco brought together the diverse forces opposed to the Republic,
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Main Cold War Players and Context
Who were the main Cold War players?
The primary players were the United States (U.S.) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Great Britain also played a significant role, particularly in the early stages.
Cold War vs. World Wars: Key Differences
Unlike the Second World War, the Cold War did not end with a comprehensive peace treaty signed by all belligerents. Hostility between the U.S. and the USSR prevented an agreement accepted by both winners and losers
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Attempts to increase the number of voters in Britain had been made since the 1760s, but these efforts had come to nothing. The Society for the Promotion of Constitutional Information had been established by Major John Cartwright in 1784 as part of the campaign for parliamentary reform, but with the onset of the French Wars, many of the reform clubs had ceased to operate.
Early British Reform Movements
Thomas Paine encouraged the re-establishment of the Society for the Promotion of Constitutional Information
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Spanish Colonial Administration
Spanish administration in the Americas was exercised authoritatively either directly from the mainland (through institutions such as the Casa de Contratación, which received taxes collected in America and controlled the entry and exit of people and goods, and the Consejo de Indias), or through representatives of the metropolis in America (viceroys, governors, audiencias, and cabildos). Until the eighteenth century, there were two vice-royalties: New Spain and Peru.
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The Confiscation of Madoz Pascual
The circumstances surrounding the confiscation under Madoz Pascual differed significantly from earlier instances. There was no civil war, and budgets were met. Like many liberals, Madoz went into exile during the reign of Fernando VII but returned from France thanks to the policy enacted by the regent Maria Cristina. His turbulent political career in the 19th century initially positioned him against the regency of Espartero. He briefly held the portfolio of Finance,
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