Ovarian and Endometrial Cycles: Hormonal Regulation
Ovarian Cycle
The ovarian cycle is the period of time between the ending of one menstrual period and the beginning of the next.
Follicular or Pre-Ovulatory Phase
This phase lasts from day 1 to 13. During this stage, there is an increased secretion of FSH and combined effects of LH. LH acts on the theca interna, and FSH acts on the granular cells to produce estrogens. The purpose of this phase is to mature primordial follicles in the ovaries. A primordial follicle begins as an oocyte (1-2 km) surrounded
Read MoreTemporomandibular and Body Joints: Anatomy
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the single mobile articulation of the head. It is a synovial joint with an articular disc made of fibrous tissue. It allows for the following movements:
- Descent and ascent (lowering and raising the jaw)
- Occlusal contact of the two dental arches
- Protrusion (jaw moves forward)
- Retraction (jaw moves backward)
- Lateralization (jaw moves left or right)
- Circumduction (a combination of all the previous movements)
Muscles of Mastication
The muscles
Read MoreAxial and Appendicular Skeleton: Bones and Functions
The axial skeleton is the centerpiece of the bony framework. It consists of 69 bones, including the skull, spine, and rib cage. Inside the skull are the cranial bones, facial bones, and small auditory ossicles. Below is the backbone, which is the pillar of bone structure, and consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, besides the sacrum and coccyx. Between the spine and sternum, surrounded by the ribs, is the rib cage, which is an essential part of the axial skeleton, protecting
Read MoreLower Limb Muscles: Anatomy and Function
Gluteal Muscles
- Gluteus Maximus:
- Origin: Upper coccyx, sacrum, and posterior ilium.
- Insertion: Posterior femur.
- Action: Extension and external rotation of the thigh; helps maintain an upright posture. The sciatic nerve passes beneath it.
- Gluteus Medius:
- Origin: Middle coccyx.
- Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur.
- Action: Abduction and internal rotation of the thigh.
- Gluteus Minimus:
- Origin: Iliac crest.
- Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur.
- Action: Abduction and internal rotation of the thigh.
- Piriformis:
Common Musculoskeletal Conditions: Symptoms and Causes
Common Musculoskeletal Conditions
Muscle Atrophy: Muscle atrophy is the wasting or loss of muscle tissue. It can result from disuse, degeneration, or congenital nerve defects.
Backache: Back pain often stems from strain or lack of exercise. Individuals who are overweight are at higher risk. Proper lifting techniques, such as bending your knees, are crucial.
Bone Cancer: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer, resulting from the malignant transformation of bone-forming cells.
Cramps: Muscle
Read MoreSkull Sutures, Temporomandibular Joint, and Neck Muscles Anatomy
Skull Sutures and the Temporomandibular Joint
Skull sutures are toothed, scaly, harmonica-like (the nose), and esquindélesis (between the underside of the body of the sphenoid and vomer).
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is located among the temporal fossa, in front of the ear canal, and the condyle of the mandible or lower jaw (synovial condyle). It has a joint capsule and articular surfaces between the two, providing a fibrocartilaginous disc. The joint capsule is
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