Human Body Systems: Movement, Response, and Regulation
Responses to Stimuli
Responses relate to approved movements of two distinct types: voluntary acts and reflex acts.
- Voluntary acts: These are actions that we decide to conduct. The brain is responsible for these acts of will.
- Reflex acts: These are involuntary actions or responses that are produced and coordinated in the spinal cord.
The Endocrine System
Responses related to the endocrine system involve hormones, whose function is to test substances for the functioning of certain organs called target
Read MoreTLC Chromatography for Urine Analysis: Amino Acids & Diseases
Amino Acids in Urine
1. Which amino acids may be present in the urine of healthy people?
- Glycine
- Alanine
- Glutamine
- Histidine
Urine Sample Preparation for TLC Chromatography
2. What are the stages of urine sample preparation for TLC chromatography?
- Separation of the mixture
- Partition Coefficient: A liquid, stationary phase (polar solvent) and a mobile phase (solvent of a lower polarity)
- Partition Migration: Polar substances travel at slower rates compared to non-polar substances
- Development of the Chromatogram
- Drying/
Amino Acid Properties and Protein Structure
Amphoteric Character of Amino Acids
Item 5 – Properties of Amino Acids: The amphoteric character of amino acids allows for pH regulation because they behave as acids or bases, as appropriate to the organism.
The Peptide Bond
Characteristics of the peptide bond:
- The peptide bond is a covalent bond, shorter than most other C-H bonds.
- It has some double bond character, which prevents it from rotating freely.
- The four atoms of the peptide group and the two carbon atoms are located on the same plane, maintaining
Understanding the Skeletal System: Structure, Function, and Cells
Skeletal System: Bone Tissue and Bones
Bone Classification
Long Bone (e.g., Humerus):
- Longer than they are wide, with one diaphysis and two epiphyses.
- Bones of the limbs: superior (arm, forearm, palm, fingers) and inferior (thigh, leg, sole, toes).
- Mostly compact bone, especially in the epiphysis.
- Plays a role in support.
- Contains a medullary cavity (only type of bone with this feature).
Short Bone (e.g., Talus):
- Small, almost cubic.
- Filled with spongy bone, covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
- Bones of
Muscular System: Anatomy, Function, and Contraction
Muscular System Functions
- Movement: Contraction of skeletal muscles.
- Posture: Maintenance by skeletal muscles.
- Respiration: Movements of thoracic muscles.
- Heat Production: Body heat generation.
- Communication: Muscle actions facilitate communication.
- Organ Constriction: Smooth muscles move substances.
- Heartbeat: Cardiac muscle propels blood.
- Organ Protection: Muscles provide support.
Muscle Connective Tissues
Epimysium
The epimysium is the outermost layer of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding the
Read MoreAnatomy of the Human Skull: Bones and Structures
Lower Vision of the Skull
Nostril (smaller sphenoid wing), middle cranial fossa (petrous bone), posterior cranial fossa (holds the cerebellum).
Frontal Bone
Form: Most of the anterior cranial fossa, the roof of the orbits, and the forehead. Anatomical Features: Squama, parietal border, brow ridge, supraorbital margin with supraorbital notch, zygomatic process, nasal spine, ethmoidal notch, frontal sinus. Formed from 2 points of ossification, between which is the metopic suture.
Sphenoid Bone
Form: Much
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