Amino Acid Properties and Protein Structure
Amphoteric Character of Amino Acids
Item 5 – Properties of Amino Acids: The amphoteric character of amino acids allows for pH regulation because they behave as acids or bases, as appropriate to the organism.
The Peptide Bond
Characteristics of the peptide bond:
- The peptide bond is a covalent bond, shorter than most other C-H bonds.
- It has some double bond character, which prevents it from rotating freely.
- The four atoms of the peptide group and the two carbon atoms are located on the same plane, maintaining
Understanding the Skeletal System: Structure, Function, and Cells
Skeletal System: Bone Tissue and Bones
Bone Classification
Long Bone (e.g., Humerus):
- Longer than they are wide, with one diaphysis and two epiphyses.
- Bones of the limbs: superior (arm, forearm, palm, fingers) and inferior (thigh, leg, sole, toes).
- Mostly compact bone, especially in the epiphysis.
- Plays a role in support.
- Contains a medullary cavity (only type of bone with this feature).
Short Bone (e.g., Talus):
- Small, almost cubic.
- Filled with spongy bone, covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
- Bones of
Muscular System: Anatomy, Function, and Contraction
Muscular System Functions
- Movement: Contraction of skeletal muscles.
- Posture: Maintenance by skeletal muscles.
- Respiration: Movements of thoracic muscles.
- Heat Production: Body heat generation.
- Communication: Muscle actions facilitate communication.
- Organ Constriction: Smooth muscles move substances.
- Heartbeat: Cardiac muscle propels blood.
- Organ Protection: Muscles provide support.
Muscle Connective Tissues
Epimysium
The epimysium is the outermost layer of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding the
Read MoreAnatomy of the Human Skull: Bones and Structures
Lower Vision of the Skull
Nostril (smaller sphenoid wing), middle cranial fossa (petrous bone), posterior cranial fossa (holds the cerebellum).
Frontal Bone
Form: Most of the anterior cranial fossa, the roof of the orbits, and the forehead. Anatomical Features: Squama, parietal border, brow ridge, supraorbital margin with supraorbital notch, zygomatic process, nasal spine, ethmoidal notch, frontal sinus. Formed from 2 points of ossification, between which is the metopic suture.
Sphenoid Bone
Form: Much
Read MoreMuscle Contraction and Fiber Types: A Cellular Process
Phases of Neuromuscular Transmission
- The action potential originates in the axonal cone and travels along the axon, specifically through the nodes of Ranvier. Upon reaching the presynaptic membrane, it triggers the opening of voltage-gated calcium (Ca) channels.
- Calcium ions enter the neuron, causing the presynaptic membrane to attract vesicles containing acetylcholine (ACh) located in the cytosol of the axon.
- Acetylcholine is released into the synapse.
- Chemical-gated channels open when coupled with
Human Anatomy: Joints, Muscles, and Bones
Joints
Hip Joint
- Which type of joint is the hip?
Ball and socket - Which ligament of the hip joint closes the acetabular notch?
Transverse acetabular ligament or transverse ligament of the acetabulum
Knee Joint
- Choose the correct answer about the knee:
Its medial collateral ligament is firmly attached to the medial meniscus - The inability to extend the leg at the knee joint would indicate paralysis of the muscle:
Quadriceps femoris muscle - Which of these answers about the lateral collateral ligament of the knee