Residues and Quality Factors in Meat and Fish
Residues in Meat and Fish
Residues in the flesh can be categorized as follows:
- Naturally occurring residues: Heavy metals like copper, cobalt, nickel, manganese, and zinc are present in low levels in meat. However, they tend to accumulate at higher concentrations in the viscera.
- Residues caused by human waste:
- Antibiotics: Used to treat and prevent diseases and increase growth in animals. This can lead to the development of resistant pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia
Body Composition and Nutritional Assessment
Bioimpedance Analysis
Bioimpedance is used to evaluate the amount of body fat. It is based on the principle that, compared to adipose tissue, lean body mass has higher electrical conductivity and lower impedance with respect to water.
Physical Signs of Nutritional Deficiencies
- Hair:
- Alopecia: Essential fatty acid deficiency.
- Brittle hair, depigmentation: Protein deficiency.
- Lips: Red, swollen, cracked, and ulcerations (cheilosis). Advanced stages can lead to lip retraction. The main cause is riboflavin
Essential Nutrients, Digestion, and Macronutrients
Chapter One: Introduction to Nutrients
Essential Nutrients: Cannot be produced by the body. Non-essential Nutrients: The body can produce them.
Six Classes of Nutrients:
- Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
- Micronutrients: Vitamins, minerals, and water.
Energy Yielding Nutrients (kcal/gram):
- Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/gram
- Proteins: 4 kcal/gram
- Fats: 9 kcal/gram
- Alcohol: 7 kcal/gram
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR):
- Carbohydrates: 45%-65% of total calories
- Protein: 10%-35% of total
Vitamins: Essential Nutrients for Health
Starting Solid Foods and Vitamins
Phase III: Introducing Solid Foods
Introduce foods like yogurt, toast, boiled potatoes, pasta, soup, ham, boiled apple or pear, quince, and boiled carrots.
Phase IV: Transitioning to a Regular Diet
Continue with an easily digestible diet, including:
- Soft broth soup with pasta
- Boiled ham (lean)
- Boiled potatoes
- Boiled apple or quince
As tolerance improves, gradually add:
- Veal steak
- Chicken
- Grilled white fish
- Bananas and pears
- Mashed vegetables
Avoid cow’s milk until full recovery.
Read MoreUnderstanding Nutrients: Carbs, Fats, Proteins
Complex Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)
Large macromolecules made up of many monosaccharides. They are not sweet.
- Glycogen: Found in animals, stored in the liver.
- Starch: Found in plants, stored in leaves, roots, and tubers.
- Cellulose: “Dietary Fiber” in plants, providing structural function.
- Chitin: Forms the exoskeleton of invertebrates.
When broken down during digestion, glycogen and starch provide a steady and long-term supply of energy to the cell as simple sugars.
Simple Sugars
- Are quickly metabolized
Understanding Diets: Beverly Hills, Mayo Clinic, and Renal Impairment
Understanding Popular Diets and Renal Health
Beverly Hills Diet
The Beverly Hills Diet derives only 6% of its energy from protein and lacks essential vitamins like B12. It’s based on a sequential intake of fruit, some bread, salad, and very little meat. It is not a recommended diet.
Mayo Clinic Diet
The Mayo Clinic Diet involves a two-week plan that avoids dairy products, meat, and protein sources other than eggs. It provides approximately 1200 kcal/day. This diet can lead to protein deficiency and
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