Vitamins: Essential Nutrients for Health
Starting Solid Foods and Vitamins
Phase III: Introducing Solid Foods
Introduce foods like yogurt, toast, boiled potatoes, pasta, soup, ham, boiled apple or pear, quince, and boiled carrots.
Phase IV: Transitioning to a Regular Diet
Continue with an easily digestible diet, including:
- Soft broth soup with pasta
- Boiled ham (lean)
- Boiled potatoes
- Boiled apple or quince
As tolerance improves, gradually add:
- Veal steak
- Chicken
- Grilled white fish
- Bananas and pears
- Mashed vegetables
Avoid cow’s milk until full recovery.
Read MoreUnderstanding Nutrients: Carbs, Fats, Proteins
Complex Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)
Large macromolecules made up of many monosaccharides. They are not sweet.
- Glycogen: Found in animals, stored in the liver.
- Starch: Found in plants, stored in leaves, roots, and tubers.
- Cellulose: “Dietary Fiber” in plants, providing structural function.
- Chitin: Forms the exoskeleton of invertebrates.
When broken down during digestion, glycogen and starch provide a steady and long-term supply of energy to the cell as simple sugars.
Simple Sugars
- Are quickly metabolized
Understanding Diets: Beverly Hills, Mayo Clinic, and Renal Impairment
Understanding Popular Diets and Renal Health
Beverly Hills Diet
The Beverly Hills Diet derives only 6% of its energy from protein and lacks essential vitamins like B12. It’s based on a sequential intake of fruit, some bread, salad, and very little meat. It is not a recommended diet.
Mayo Clinic Diet
The Mayo Clinic Diet involves a two-week plan that avoids dairy products, meat, and protein sources other than eggs. It provides approximately 1200 kcal/day. This diet can lead to protein deficiency and
Read MoreFood Composition and Digestion: Nutrients and Enzymes
What is Food? What Substances is it Composed of?
Food processing involves natural products, which provide substances that our cells need to live.
Organic Constituents of Food: Types and Characteristics
Carbohydrates (2 types):
- Simple: Small molecules with a sweet taste, like maltose, formed by two glucose molecules.
- Complex: Very large molecules, like starch and cellulose. Cellulose contains a lot of fiber, which cannot be digested by humans but is very beneficial for intestinal function.
Lipids:
There
Read MoreSelenium, Choline, Vitamins, Minerals, and Proteins in Animal Nutrition
Vitamin E and Selenium in Animal Nutrition
Vitamin E:
- Inhibits accumulation of damaging free radicals (Vitamin A, Beta-carotene, and Vitamin C are also antioxidants).
- Enhances the body’s immune response (defense against cancer).
- Protects Vitamin A and spares Selenium (Se).
- Inhibits conversion of nitrites (present in smoked, pickled, and cured food) to nitrosamines (strong tumor promoters) in the stomach.
Selenium (Se):
Types of Toxicity:
- Blind staggers type (with as low as 2-5 ppm): Wandering aimlessly,
Nutrition and Athletic Performance
Nutrition for Athletes
Macronutrients
Lipids
Lipids are stored as triglycerides in adipose and muscle tissues.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated lipids found in fish. They stimulate growth hormone, improve blood flow, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
L-Carnitine
L-carnitine helps transport fatty acids into the mitochondria, increasing their blood levels.
Caffeine
Caffeine can improve performance in resistance exercises, potentially by increasing adrenaline levels and affecting
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