Lipid Metabolism: Key Processes & Diseases
Lipid Metabolism
1. In the human body, synthesis of fatty acids occurs in:
c. Adipocytes
2. The critical process of emulsification of dietary lipids occurs:
b. In the duodenum
3. Cholesteryl esters are hydrolyzed by:
e. Answers C and D are correct
4. The role of bile in the digestion of triglycerides is:
a. Emulsification of fat drops to droplets
5. Beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) occurs in:
e. There is no correct answer
6. Fatty acids are NOT:
c. Associated with proteins in membranes
7.
Read MoreCardiovascular Health: Risk Factors, Diet, and Protein Metabolism
Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Factors and Prevention
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
- Hypertension
- Age: Over 55 years for males, over 65 years for females
- Diabetes
- Increased LDL cholesterol (or low HDL cholesterol)
- Estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min
- Family history of premature CVD
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Microalbuminuria
- Snuff consumption (cigarettes)
Dietary Recommendations for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction
- Balance calorie intake and physical activity to obtain and/or maintain
Human Digestive System: Ingestion to Egestion
The Alimentary Canal
The alimentary canal is a long tube that forms part of the digestive system, along with the liver and pancreas. Key features include:
- Peristalsis: The movement of muscles that contract and relax to propel food along the canal.
- Sphincter Muscles: Specialized muscles that close off sections of the tube.
- Mucus: A substance produced in goblet cells that helps food slide easily.
Ingestion
The process begins in the mouth with the teeth, lips, and tongue. Saliva plays a crucial role:
- Water
Understanding Different Diet Types and Their Applications
Normal Baseline Diet
Content: Daily average (g) Protein 110, Lipids 85, Carbohydrates 340. Dietary Fiber: 25g (Balanced); modest reduction in animal fats and salt, high fiber, high protein intake. Nutrient content exceeds the usual necessities.
Suitable for:
- In its variant without soluble sugars, it is suitable for diabetic patients not requiring specific dietary restriction.
- In the variant without salt, some canned food and industrial products that contain salt are removed.
- In the variant with salt,
Essential Vitamins: Functions, Sources, and Deficiencies
Vitamin D (Calciferol): D2-D6, derived from ergosterol and cholesterol via UV catalysis. Found in shells and leaves. Regulates calcium, preventing rickets and osteomalacia. Excess can cause digestive disorders and visceral calcification.
Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Found in green vegetables, seeds, oils, and eggs. Important for fertility. Deficiency leads to infertility, paralysis, and muscular dystrophy. Excess can be toxic.
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone): K1-K4, found in green vegetables and fish. K3 produced
Read MoreNutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation: Key Factors
Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation
Background
- Women’s nutrient needs increase during pregnancy (in the second and particularly the third trimester) and lactation.
- Pregnant women require more protein, iron, iodine, vitamin A, folate, and other nutrients.
- Deficiencies of certain nutrients are associated with maternal complications and death, fetal and newborn death, birth defects, and decreased physical and mental potential of the child.
- Lactation places high demands on maternal stores of energy,