Understanding Motivation: Key Theories and Concepts
Defining Motivation
Motivation is the result of the interaction between the individual and the situation. It encompasses:
- Intensity: How hard a person tries.
- Persistence: How long a person can maintain the effort.
- Direction: Effort that is channeled toward organizational goals.
Early Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Maslow hypothesized that every human being has a hierarchy of five needs:
- Physiological
- Safety
- Social
- Esteem
- Self-actualization
Needs 1 and 2 are considered lower-order needs
Read MoreHerzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: Motivation in the Workplace
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Frederick Herzberg, an American psychologist and consultant, and Professor at the University of Utah, formulated the Two-Factor Theory to explain employee behavior in the workplace. This theory highlights two key factors that influence an individual’s motivation and job satisfaction.
Hygiene Factors (Extrinsic)
Hygiene factors are elements *external* to the job itself but are present in the surrounding work environment. These factors are generally beyond an individual’s
Motivation Theories: Needs, XY, ERG, McClelland, Equity
Understanding Motivation Theories
Motivation is the driving force behind an individual’s willingness to exert high levels of effort to achieve organizational goals. This willingness is often influenced by the belief that such effort will satisfy personal needs. While motivation encompasses the effort to achieve any goal, several theories attempt to explain its underlying mechanisms.
Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes five levels of needs:
- Physiological: Includes