International Relations Theories and Historical Strategy
Core Theories of International Relations
Realism
Realism is a theory that holds that power is the central element of the international system, based on the ability to influence others. It starts from the premise that the world is anarchic, meaning there is no higher authority regulating States. In this context, rulers and States seek to dominate both internally and externally due to human nature and the constant search for security.
- Balance of Power: Stability is maintained through equilibrium among
Geopolitical Dynamics: Conflicts, Autonomy, and Theory
1. Understanding Frozen Conflicts
A frozen conflict occurs when active fighting stops but no peace treaty resolves the political dispute, leaving the conflict unresolved and unstable. Post-Soviet frozen conflicts include Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia.
Characteristics
These conflicts feature:
- Unresolved sovereignty
- Ongoing tension
- Implicit or external involvement
- Risks of renewed fighting
Separatists control territory de facto but lack wide recognition, and conflicts often have
Read MorePower and Identity in the Modern Middle East
Geopolitics and Cultural Identity in the Middle East
The Middle East is defined by the intersection of geopolitics and culture, illustrated through three key cases: the legacy of colonialism, the Kurdish situation, and Palestinian identity.
Historical Context and Colonial Legacy
The Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) divided the Ottoman Empire between British and French powers, disregarding local populations. Although never fully implemented, it set the groundwork for the League of Nations mandate at San
Read MoreKey European Union Institutions and Integration Theories
1. The European Commission
Nature & Composition:
- Executive branch of the EU; promotes the European interest, not national interests.
- One Commissioner per member state, including the Commission President and several Vice-Presidents.
- Commissioners must act independently from their national governments.
- Organized into Directorates-General (DGs), similar to ministries.
Powers & Functions:
- Exclusive right of legislative initiative: almost all EU laws start with the Commission.
- “Guardian of the Treaties”:
EU Legislative Bodies: Council and Parliament Functions
The Council’s Role and Quorum
Quorum: The Council can vote only if a majority of its members is present. A member of the Council may only act on behalf of one other member.
Opinion is divided whether the Council is intergovernmental or supranational, with debate complicated by its changing role, powers, and methods. Changes in its voting procedures have altered the Council’s priorities over time, obliging Member States (MS) to work together or achieve agreement, and tending to push the Council more
Read More19th Century Spanish Wars: Peninsular and Carlist Conflicts
The Peninsular War (1807–1814)
The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was a military conflict fought by Bourbon Spain and Portugal, assisted by the United Kingdom, against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war began when the French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807, and escalated in 1808 after Napoleonic France took over Spain, previously its ally, and installed Joseph Bonaparte on the
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