Spain’s Transition to Democracy: 1975-1976
November 22: Juan Carlos I Sworn In as King
On November 22, Juan Carlos I swore before the Courts as the new king. While his speech disappointed those who longed for a message of openness, it launched a very strong message, clearly aligned with political change.
The Monarchy’s Plan for Political Change
In November 1975, the environment of the monarch already had a rough design of what should be the process of political change. The aim was to make changes from within the very legality of the fundamental
Read MoreTransitology: Understanding Democratic Transitions
Transitology
Transitology deals with two ideas. It is a reaction against the determinism of the other two schools, understood as if certain conditions are presented, fixed consequences are inevitable. It emphasizes agency over structure and focuses on the motives and circumstances that trigger industrialization and modernization, including the consideration of individual actors. A potential danger is overestimating the importance of the role of individuals over large social groups.
Criticism: Transitology’
Read MoreSpanish Legislation: Constitutional, Administrative, and Regional Laws
Key Spanish Legislation
Constitutional and Organic Laws
- LO (Organic Law) 2/79, October 3: Constitutional Court.
- LO 3/81, April 6: Ombudsman.
- Modification of LO 2/92, March 5.
- LO 4/81, June 1: States of Alarm, Exception, and Siege.
- LO 5/85, June 19: General Electoral Regime. Incompatibilities of Deputies and Senators, Constitutional Court members, senior administration officials (except government members), Ombudsman, Magistrates, Judges, Prosecutors, and active military personnel.
- LO 6/85, July 1: Judiciary.
Understanding the Spanish Parliament: Dissolution, Composition, and Powers
Dissolution of the Spanish Cortes Generales
The dissolution of the Cortes Generales can occur for several reasons:
- Relationship with the Government: The Prime Minister, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers, may propose the dissolution of the Parliament to be decreed by the King.
- Constitutional Requirements:
- Expiration of the legislature: Within four years, the expired Courts will be dissolved, and a call for general elections will be issued immediately.
- Constitutional reform: When proposing
European and American Revolutions: 1820-1848
Attempts to Return to the Old Regimen
A conference was held in Vienna with Austria, Russia, and Prussia in attendance. The goals were to create a new map of Europe and establish a new political system, ideologically driven by the Holy Alliance.
A New Map of Europe
The new map of Europe was justified by Napoleon’s defeat but resulted from the interests of countries like Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England.
The Holy Alliance
Initially, the Holy Alliance was a statement without a clear political commitment.
Read MoreLiberalism: A Deep Dive into Its Evolution and Impact
Introduction to Liberalism
Liberalism stands as a prominent school of thought, significantly contributing to the post-Cold War era. Its influence peaked during the inter-war and post-Cold War periods. Originating from “Las Cortes de Cadiz,” the term carries multiple meanings, including generosity. Three main branches of liberalism exist: political, economic, and international relations (IR) liberalism.
Core Principles of Liberalism
At the heart of liberal theory lies the paramount importance of individual
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