The European Commission: Structure, Roles, and Powers

The European Commission

Composition

Commissioners

  • Consists of 27 Commissioners, typically one per Member State (MS).
  • Serve five-year terms.
  • Must act independently of Member State interests, responding to the interests of the Union as a whole and accountable to the European Court of Justice (ECJ).
  • Members are nominated by their respective Member State governments (represented in the Council of the European Union) and the entire College of Commissioners must be approved as a body by the European Parliament.
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19th Century Europe: Key Events and Timeline (1814-1921)

The Foundations of the Restoration (1814-1820)

  • 1814
    • June 4: Louis XVIII grants La Charte.
    • October 1: First meeting of the Congress of Vienna.
  • 1815
    • June 9: Last session of the Congress of Vienna.
    • June 18: Battle of Waterloo.
    • July 18: Napoleon definitively exiled.
    • September 14: Russia, Prussia, and Austria sign the Holy Alliance.

Revolution and Counter-Revolution (1820-1830)

  • 1820
    • January 1: Colonel Riego’s Revolt in Cabezas de San Juan.
    • March 8: Ferdinand VII endorses the Constitution of Cádiz.
  • 1823
    • April 7:
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Spanish Political System Restoration: Key Events and Parties

POLITICAL SYSTEM RESTORATION

Satisfaction and Conservative Restoration

x-Canovas-constitution [bipartidsmo order and pacify the country and Cuba Carlist] / call for cuts Eleccions constituyntes / Constitution 76 (doctrinaire liberalism [census-sufrg, shared sovereignty, conservative character] / monarkia = moderating power (powers of King) / bii cuts, based on census voting, universal sufrg masc / confessional Catholic state “bill of rights / bipartidsmo and alternation in power-shift-Pacific kedo

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European Union: History, Institutions, and Canary Islands Integration

European Union: A Historical Overview

1951: European Community of Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). Sector regulated by member countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Italy, and Netherlands).

1957: Treaty of Rome. EEC is created.

1973: Incorporates Denmark, Ireland, and the UK.

1981: Greece, Portugal, and Spain signed the Single European Act, agreeing to free circulation of persons, goods, and services.

1992: Maastricht Treaty establishing the EU.

1995: Finland, Sweden, and Austria join.

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Understanding Democracy: Meanings and Models

Item 6. Democracy

The Meanings of Democracy

Democracy is today one of the few positive words that exist in the political vocabulary. However, this positive perception is very recent. It’s hard to find widespread sympathy for democracy well into the nineteenth century. In the entire history of political theory, it is difficult to find arguments explicitly for democracy until the struggle for universal suffrage appeared during the nineteenth century and developed in the twentieth. Democracy was often

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European Parliament: History and Evolution

Introduction

The European Parliament is an important forum for political debate and decision-making at the EU level. The Members of the European Parliament are directly elected by voters in all Member States to represent people’s interests with regard to EU law-making and to make sure other EU institutions are working democratically.

Evolution of the European Parliament

The Parliament, like the other institutions, was not designed in its current form when it first met on September 10, 1952. One of

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