International Security: Concepts and State Strategies
Traditional vs. Non-Traditional Security Concepts
The field of international security encompasses various perspectives on threats and how states respond to them. A fundamental distinction exists between traditional and non-traditional security approaches.
Traditional Security: External Threats and State-Centric Focus
In the traditional conception of security, the greatest danger to a country stems from military threats. The source of this danger is typically another country, which, by threatening military
Read MoreArgentina’s National Autonomist Party (PAN) and Electoral Reform
Argentina’s National Autonomist Party (PAN)
Roca became president of the country, supported by a league formed by rulers of different provinces, which formed the National Autonomist Party (PAN). Within the PAN, all decisions were made by the president, governors, senators, and some politicians; they formed the so-called elite. This system allowed the PAN oligarchic control of the elections, remain in power, and prevent access to the government for his political opponents.
The presidents, governors,
Read MoreUnderstanding the Spanish Parliamentary Monarchy
Lesson 12: The Crown
I. General Ideas on Parliamentary Monarchy
1. Concept
Article 1.3 of the Spanish Constitution (EC) states that the political form of the Spanish State is a parliamentary monarchy. The monarchy is a form of head of state. In current parliamentary monarchies, Article 1 recognizes the monarchy as an institution of political unity and social institution within a parliamentary system.
Parliamentary monarchy is understood as the form of head of state characterized by the existence of
Read MoreFounding Figures and Key Events in European Union History
Key figures in the formation of the European Union:
- Konrad Adenauer, Germany: Chancellor of West Germany from 1949-1963. He is considered one of the fathers of the EU because his policies made a later reunification of both German states possible.
- Joseph Bech, Luxembourg: Prime Minister of Luxembourg from 1926 to 1937 and from 1953 to 1958. He is highly regarded for his contributions to the unification of Europe.
- Johan Beyen, Netherlands: Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands from 1952 to 1956.
Catalan Republic: Political Dynamics and Events
The Catalan Republic: Key Differences with Spain
Model Development and Political Dynamics
Distinct ideological models shaped the Catalan Republic: Catalan nationalism, republicanism, and anarchism.
The Elections and Proclamation of the Republic
- ERC’s victory in the municipal elections on April 12th.
- Lluis Companys proclaimed the Catalan Republic in Barcelona.
- Francesc Macia proclaimed the Catalan Republic as a member state of the Iberian Federation.
- Creation of the Generalitat de Catalunya (provisional)
Key Dates in Modern European & World History (1806-2023)
Key European & World History Dates: 1806-1906
- 1806: Abolition of the Holy Roman Empire by Francis II.
- October 1814 – June 1815: Congress of Vienna.
- 18 June 1815: Battle of Waterloo.
- September 1815: Signature of the Holy Alliance.
- 1820-1823: Spanish Liberal Triennium.
- 1825: Decembrist Revolt.
- July 1830: July French Revolution. Beginning of the July Monarchy in France.
- August 1830: Belgian Revolution.
- 1832: Lord Grey’s Electoral Reform Law in England.
- February 1848: Revolution breaks out in Paris. Second