Understanding the Spanish Parliament: Dissolution, Composition, and Powers
Dissolution of the Spanish Cortes Generales
The dissolution of the Cortes Generales can occur for several reasons:
- Relationship with the Government: The Prime Minister, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers, may propose the dissolution of the Parliament to be decreed by the King.
- Constitutional Requirements:
- Expiration of the legislature: Within four years, the expired Courts will be dissolved, and a call for general elections will be issued immediately.
- Constitutional reform: When proposing
European and American Revolutions: 1820-1848
Attempts to Return to the Old Regimen
A conference was held in Vienna with Austria, Russia, and Prussia in attendance. The goals were to create a new map of Europe and establish a new political system, ideologically driven by the Holy Alliance.
A New Map of Europe
The new map of Europe was justified by Napoleon’s defeat but resulted from the interests of countries like Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England.
The Holy Alliance
Initially, the Holy Alliance was a statement without a clear political commitment.
Read MoreLiberalism: A Deep Dive into Its Evolution and Impact
Introduction to Liberalism
Liberalism stands as a prominent school of thought, significantly contributing to the post-Cold War era. Its influence peaked during the inter-war and post-Cold War periods. Originating from “Las Cortes de Cadiz,” the term carries multiple meanings, including generosity. Three main branches of liberalism exist: political, economic, and international relations (IR) liberalism.
Core Principles of Liberalism
At the heart of liberal theory lies the paramount importance of individual
Read MoreInternational Organizations for Cultural Heritage Preservation
ICCROM: International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property
Created in Rome in 1959 as an intergovernmental agency, ICCROM provides technical assistance to countries and organizations for the conservation of protected cultural property.
ICOMOS: International Council on Monuments and Sites
Founded in 1965 to promote the Charter of Venice, ICOMOS is responsible for assessing the World Heritage Committee and UNESCO. It conducts studies and reports on the state of
Read MoreKey Historical Milestones: Spain and the World
**Chronology of Spain**
- 711: Arrival of Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula
- 1492: Discovery of America
- 1714 (September 11): Catalonia is defeated in the War of Succession
- 1716: Nueva Planta decrees. Loss of Catalan freedoms
- 1808-13: French War
- 1812: Cadiz Constitution
- 1848: First rail-Mataró BCN
- 1873-74: First Republic
- 1898: Loss of Cuba and the Philippines
- 1923-30: Dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera
- 1931 (April 14): Proclamation of the Second Catalan Republic. Adoption of the Constitution
- 1932: Adoption
International Cooperation and Integration: A Deep Dive
International Cooperation and Integration
Cooperation is the other side of the coin from conflict. Interests are shared when the actors are able to share objectives. Conflict and cooperation can coexist perfectly, and actors can cooperate to freeze a conflict. There are actors who are in conflict, yet are cooperating in other areas or even in the same area to resolve it. For example, Spain has a dispute relating to the sovereignty of Gibraltar and yet cooperates with England. The goal of cooperation
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