Key Concepts in Linguistics: Language, Speech, and Acquisition

1. Core Linguistic Ideas

Orality vs. Writing

Ferdinand de Saussure viewed language and writing as distinct systems. He argued that the misconception of written language’s superiority originated in antiquity from an admiration of classical languages. Writing, he believed, relies on oral tradition. While writing transmits knowledge across generations, it remains a substitute for spoken language. Modern technology allows us to record our voices, bridging the gap between orality and writing.

Language

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Economics Basics: Unemployment, GDP, and Supply & Demand

Economics Basics

Unemployment and Labor Force

– Natural Rate = Structural + Frictional
– Cyclical Rate = (Frictional + Structural) – Current Unemployment
– Natural Rate: (Frictional + Structural)
– How many unemployed: (Not working but looking)
– Labor Force: (Hold Job + Unemployed)
– Unemployment Rate: (Unemployed / (Hold Job + Unemployed)) * 100

National Income and GDP

– National Income: Corporate Profits + Employee Compensation + Proprietor’s Income + Net Interest + Rental Income
– Net Exports: (Exports
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Professional Letter & Email Writing Guide

Parts and Layouts of a Letter

Parts of a Letter

  • Letterhead: A printed heading including company name, logo, and contact information for formal correspondence.
  • Sender’s Name and Address: Clearly displayed for identification and return contact.
  • Date: Establishes a timeline for the correspondence.
  • Receiver’s Designation and Address: Ensures proper delivery and adds formality.
  • Reference No.: A unique identifier for tracking correspondence (often used in business).
  • Subject: Briefly summarizes the letter’s purpose.
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GeoRef: Global Geographic Reference System Explained

GeoRef: A Global Geographic Reference System

GeoRef, short for Global Geographic Reference System, is a method for expressing location, not a grid if no convenient way exists to express latitude and longitude. It facilitates fast information retrieval and is crucial for various transactions, including inter-alidade, aerial, air, and anti-aircraft warfare operations.

Use Cases

  • Suitable for: Transactions between units, aerial operations, air operations, and anti-aircraft warfare.
  • Not Suitable for: Naval
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Spanish Linguistics and Literature

Linguistic Influences and Processes

Spanish, a self-reflexive language, is influenced by various sources. Direct influences include those from Greek and rock music. Loanwords have been adopted from various languages:

  • Germanisms: spy
  • Arabisms: bricklayer
  • Gallicisms: paje
  • Italianisms: driver
  • Americanisms (Indigenous Languages of the Americas): potato
  • Anglicisms: football
  • Lusisms: oyster
  • Vasquisms: beret
  • Catalanisms: squirrel
  • Galleguismos: nostalgia

Neologisms, recent loanwords like “Cheerios,” often maintain

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Effective Classroom Management and Language Teaching Techniques

3) How to Manage Teaching and Learning?

Physical Presence: IT plays a significant role in managing the classroom environment.

  • Proximity: Distance can be a sign of coldness. Teachers have to consider how close students want them to be.
  • Appropriacy: The way in which teachers sit or stand in the classroom can influence student engagement. Teachers need to decide how closely they will work with students.
  • Movement: How much teachers move around the classroom will depend on their personal style. Some teachers
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