Architectural Masterpieces Across Civilizations

Cathedral of Santiago Compostela (Romanesque)

The Cathedral of Santiago is a pilgrimage church with a typical basilica plan consisting of three naves and a large transept. The transept is divided into three naves with four apsidioles in its arms and a wide head, featuring a remarkable central apse and five radiating chapels. The central nave is covered with a barrel vault, reinforced by arches, while the transept has a dome in the middle. The apsidioles are covered with quarter-sphere vaults, and

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Renaissance Spanish Novels: A Guide to Genres and Styles

Renaissance Spanish Novels

Byzantine Novel

The discovery of Ethiopian manuscripts and their translations introduced a new subgenre to the Renaissance: the Byzantine novel. These stories feature a young, beautiful, and chaste couple separated and reunited by fate. Their journey involves overcoming obstacles such as pirates, shipwrecks, and captivity. In Spanish Byzantine novels, the hero is a chaste young man whose main objective is love, often transforming into a symbolic pilgrim figure.

Narrative

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Medieval Spanish Literature: An Overview

Medieval Spanish Literature

Narrative

Verse

Mester of Minstrelsy: Epic poems sung by minstrels. Focuses on heroic deeds and national sentiment. Example: Cantar del Mio Cid.

Mester of Clericia: Religious and didactic works written by clerics. Employs the cuaderna vía (four-line Alexandrine verses with consonant rhyme). Examples: Libro de Alexandre, Libro de Apolonio, Gonzalo de Berceo’s Miracles of Our Lady.

Prose

Early Prose (late 12th – early 13th centuries): Consolidated by Alfonso X “The Wise”

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Majorcan School: A Renaissance in Mallorcan Poetry

The Majorcan School: A Literary Renaissance

The Majorcan School, a literary movement originating in Mallorca in 1870, united Mallorcan poets with a shared cultural identity. While chronologically coinciding with the broader Renaissance and Modernist periods, the school’s distinct style marked a formal beginning to 20th-century literature in Mallorca, enduring until 1950.

Generations of Poets

Several generations of poets contributed to the Majorcan School, including:

  • Miquel Costa i Llobera
  • Joan Alcover
  • Maria
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Spanish Civil War Poetry: A Literary and Historical Analysis

Main Orientations of Civil War Poetry

Lyric poetry production significantly increased after the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), influenced by the 1936 ideological propaganda. Different moments in Miguel Hernández’s career are evident: from social poetry to pure poetry, and from aestheticism to avant-garde experimentation. Historical circumstances shaped these changes: the 1940s saw neoclassical (exaltation), nationalist (evasion), existentialist (distress), and avant-garde (continuation of pre-

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Comprehensive Guide to Spanish History: Key Terms and Concepts

Aula Regia

Advisory body formed by officials, aristocrats, and clerics.

Alan

People originally from Turkestan whose empire in the Caspian Sea region was destroyed by the Huns in 375.

Arte Hispano (Hispano-Islamic Art)

Islamic art developed in Al-Andalus between the 8th and 15th centuries. It includes architecture like mosques (the Mosque of Cordoba and the Alhambra), palaces, and citadels.

Romanesque Art

Artistic style prevalent in Europe during the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. It blended Roman and

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