Medieval Spanish Lyric and Epic: From Troubadours to El Cid

Medieval Spanish Lyric Poetry

Provençal Lyric Influence

This poetry was composed to be sung, always accompanied by music, and was performed by poets known as troubadours. Originating in the south of France, this courtly lyric, written in Provençal with elaborate artistic intention, primarily focuses on the theme of courtly love. This involved the idealization of the beloved, establishing a code where the poet dedicated his life to loving and praising a woman who often did not belong to him and might

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Spanish Language Diversity Across the Americas

The Spanish Language in America

The Spanish language began to spread in the Americas following Columbus’s arrival and expanded as new territories were conquered. The Spanish spoken in America is not uniform; it varies based on the conquerors’ origins, the colonization era, the degree of mixing with indigenous populations, and the native languages spoken in each region. The influence of the African slave trade and later European immigration, especially Italians (in parts of South America like the

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Spanish Neoclassical Literature: Cadalso and Moratín

Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism, the literary movement developed in the 18th century, emerged as a response to the contempt provoked by Baroque literature among writers. Key characteristics include:

  • The work responds to a universal model and is faithful to reality, opposing an aristocratic art based on traditional tastes of the country.
  • Works do not mix the tragic and the comic.
  • The aim of all literature is didactic, following the slogan “delight and teach”.
  • All teaching is based on reason, harmony, good
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Post-Civil War Spanish Drama: Key Trends and Authors

Spanish Theater After 1939: Context and Early Trends

From 1939 onwards, Spanish theater navigated a complex landscape shaped by socio-political factors and the aftermath of the Civil War. While some innovative voices disappeared or went into exile (like Casona), censorship and commercial constraints heavily influenced production.

High comedy, often set in middle-class environments with trivial themes, continued its run, alongside traditional costumbrista styles. However, by the late 1940s and early

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Spanish Theatre in the Early Twentieth Century

Spanish Theatre: Early 20th Century Trends

Drama requires viewers. This reality significantly influenced playwrights at the beginning of the twentieth century, as the public primarily came from the bourgeoisie. Playwrights responded in two main ways:

  1. Creating works designed to please the audience, known as triumphant theatre (often with low critical depth).
  2. Developing an avant-garde theatre that aimed to surprise the audience and carried a critical (often anti-bourgeois) message.

Triumphant Theatre

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Antonio Machado’s Poetic Journey: Stages and Themes

Antonio Machado’s poetry, like that of many authors, was marked by significant life events. His work was deeply affected by the death of his young wife, Leonor Izquierdo, who passed away at around 19 years old. His poetry reflects his ideas about the nature of poetry and art itself, aiming for a twofold purpose: to capture the essence of things while also reflecting their temporal flow.

We can distinguish several distinct stages in his poetic evolution:

First Poetic Stage

In this initial cycle, Machado

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