German Basic Law: Structure, Principles, and Evolution

The German Basic Law

Core Principles and Consensus

The Basic Law enjoyed broad consensus on its major aspects:

  • Federalism: Vertical and horizontal division of power.
  • Executive Power: A strong executive branch, particularly regarding government appointments and parliamentary dissolution.
  • Constructive Vote of No Confidence: Preventing parliamentary instability.
  • Electoral System: Ensuring pluralism and avoiding the partisan divisions of the Weimar Republic (established through later legislation).

Provisional

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Venezuelan Contracts: Types and Elements per Civil Code

Contract Definition (Venezuela Civil Code Art. 1133)

A contract is an agreement between two or more persons to create, regulate, transmit, modify, or extinguish a legal relationship between them. (Art. 1133, Venezuelan Civil Code)

Types of Contracts in Venezuela

Unilateral Contract (Art. 1134)

A contract is unilateral when one party is obligated, without the other having a reciprocal obligation. (Art. 1134, Venezuelan Civil Code). Examples include loan (mutuum or commodatum) or donation.

Bilateral Contract

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Compensation Claims, Court Procedures & Judicial Impartiality

Claiming Compensation After a Murder

A claim arising from a crime or offense that initiates public prosecution is not extinguished by the waiver of the offended person.

However, in private crimes where the offended party has dispositional power over the offense, the action can be extinguished by their waiver.

The civil claim for damages is extinguished by the waiver of the injured party. This is considered a waiver of the right to restitution, compensation, or reparation, rather than merely a waiver

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Understanding Co-Ownership: Rights, Responsibilities, and Division

Co-Ownership and Economic/Condo Considerations

Co-ownership is a legal situation that occurs when the ownership of a thing or right belongs to several persons. The Civil Code adopted the Roman system of division of fees levied on the object taken as a unit. In relation to its contents, it is essential to distinguish between the rights of the investors and what corresponds in relation to their portion or share.

Rights and Responsibilities in Co-Ownership

In connection with the common property, the rights

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Siete Partidas: A Comprehensive Overview of Medieval Spanish Law

Siete Partidas: Code of the Seven Items

Las Siete Partidas (The Seven-Part Code) began drafting in 1256 and finished in 1263. The commission consisted of leading Spanish jurists (Jacome Ruiz, Martinez Signed, Master Roland…).

Sources

  1. Medieval Common Law: Corpus Iuris Civilis, works of Azo and Accursius, Decretals of Gregory IX, canonical works.
  2. Non-Legal Sources: Philosophical works (Aristotle, Plato, Seneca), the Bible, theological works (Saint Isidore, Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas), Oriental
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Understanding Customs Motions: Taxes, Duties, and Compliance

Customs, Duties, Fees, and Charges

1. Contributions, Countervailing Duties, Fees, and Charges

STEP RIGHT CUSTOMS · DTA

  • CVD CC
  • VAT VALUE ADDED TAX
  • NEW CAR TAX · ISAN
  • PRODUCTION AND SERVICES TAX IEPS
  • TAX GENERAL IMP / EXP IGI / IGE
  • CHARGES REC.
  • FINES MULT.
  • Prevalidation PRV.

2. Tractor Tax Payable

  • IGI / IGE with different tariffs.
  • AD VALOREM
  • SPECIFIC
  • MIXED
  • INTERNATIONAL TREATIES

Calculations for IGI, VAT, DTA, IR, and IEPS

3. Cálculos From IGI, VAT, DTA, and IR IEPS.

Prevalidation

4. Prevalidación.

The prevalidation

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