Indian Constitution History, Rights, Preamble and Duties
History and Evolution of the Indian Constitution
Introduction
The Constitution of India is the result of a long process of constitutional development, India’s freedom struggle, and detailed discussions by the Constituent Assembly. Before independence, India was governed under British rule, and several constitutional laws were introduced over time.
Important Constitutional Developments
- Government of India Act, 1858: After the Revolt of 1857, the rule of the East India Company ended, and India came directly
Why is human resource needed for low esteem organizations
Role of ILOS: ILO =
International Labour Organization. It was founded in 1919 and became a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1946. It is a tripartite organization, meaning it brings together governments, employers and workers. Its main purpose is to promote social justice and decent work and to establish international rules that protect workers. The ILO creates Labour Standards, mainly through Conventions and Recommendations. These standards help countries make labour laws and policies
Company Law Essentials: Features, Types, and Governance
1. Key Features of a Company
Meaning: A company is an association of persons formed and registered under the Companies Act, 2013, possessing a separate legal identity.
Core Features:
- Separate Legal Entity: The company maintains an identity distinct from its members.
- Limited Liability: Member liability is generally limited to the amount unpaid on their shares.
- Perpetual Succession: The company continues to exist regardless of member death, retirement, or insolvency.
- Separate Property: The company can own
Voluntary Winding Up: Companies Act 2017 Sections 361-369
Introduction
A company is an artificial legal person created under the Companies Act, 2017. Like a natural person, a company may also come to an end. The legal process through which a company ends its existence is called winding up. During this process, the company’s business is stopped, its assets are collected and sold, its debts and liabilities are paid, and any remaining property is distributed among the shareholders. After the completion of these legal formalities, the company is dissolved and
Read MoreIndian Environmental Law Principles and Key Statutes
Important Environmental Law Principles
1. Absolute Liability Principle
Case: M. C. Mehta v. Union of India (1987)
- If an enterprise engages in a hazardous activity and causes harm, it is absolutely liable.
- No exceptions are allowed under this principle.
- The victim does not need to prove negligence.
- This was developed by the Supreme Court in the Oleum Gas Leak Case.
- It is more stringent than the concept of Strict Liability.
- Compensation should match the financial capacity of the enterprise.
- The principle is
Understanding ECHR Articles 8 to 11: Rights and Limitations
Fundamental Freedoms: ECHR Articles 8 to 11
Articles 8 to 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) protect some of the most important fundamental freedoms in a democratic society:
- Article 8: Protects the right to respect for private and family life, home, and correspondence.
- Article 9: Guarantees freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.
- Article 10: Protects freedom of expression.
- Article 11: Guarantees freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
The Three-Step Test for Interference
Although
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