Freedom of Expression: Rights, Limits, and Guarantees
Article 20 of the Spanish Constitution (EC) recognizes and protects freedom of expression in its various forms. These are four distinct manifestations recognized autonomously by the Constitution:
- Expression in the strictest sense: The right to freely express one’s ideas and opinions (par. 1).
- Creative freedom: The freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, and technical creation (ap. 1b).
- Academic freedom: The freedom of teaching or the right to free expression of teachers.
- Freedom of information: The
Understanding Labor Relations: Types, Characteristics, and Legal Sources
Understanding Labor Relations
1. Work: Different human activities requiring physical or mental effort.
2. Three Types of Work:
- Work that constitutes an employment relationship.
- Work that constitutes a special employment relationship.
- Work where no employment relationship exists.
3. Key Differences: Labor relations are governed by labor law. Special labor relations are governed by specific regulations, with labor law applying only to matters not covered by those regulations. Non-labor relations are governed
Read MoreSpanish Constitutionalism: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Authorities
The Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Authorities of Spanish Constitutionalism
A) The Concept of Constitutionalism
Constitutionalism is a political movement that sought to establish the fundamental principles of political organization. The constitution emerged as a means to limit ruling power, regulate its activity, and guarantee the freedom of citizens. Its origin lies in the rationalist theories of natural justice from the late 18th century.
Principles: The existence of natural law, according
Constitutions and Courts: Understanding Their Roles
Constitutions: Key Features and Roles
Features
- Preamble: Outlines aspirations, principles, and purpose.
- Organizational Section: Defines powers and structure of institutions.
- Bill of Rights: Protects individual and group rights.
- Amendment Procedure: Describes how to revise the constitution.
Character
- Codified: A single, self-contained document.
- Example: The USA has one document written all at once as a result of gaining independence.
- Uncodified: Spread among several documents.
- Example: Great Britain uses a
US President’s Powers and Responsibilities: Article II
Chapter 13 – Exam 3 Review: Article II of the US Constitution
Purpose of Article II
- Article II of the Constitution defines the Executive Branch of the US Government.
President’s Expressed Powers
The President’s expressed powers, as outlined in the Constitution, include the following:
- Delivering a “State of the Union” report (message).
- Convening a special session of Congress.
- Receiving foreign ambassadors.
- Proposing legislation (necessary and expedient).
- Carrying out the laws passed by Congress.
War Powers:
Read MoreJoint Health and Safety Committee: Regulations and Operations
Supreme Decree 54: CPHS Constitution and Operation
Article 1: Every business, task, branch, or agency with more than 25 employees must organize a Joint Committee on Health and Safety (CPHS), composed of employer and employee representatives.
If a company has multiple tasks, branches, or agencies in the same or different locations, each must have its own CPHS.
Article 3: The CPHS shall consist of three employer representatives and three employee representatives. For each member, an alternate shall also
Read More