Israeli Legal Precedents: High Court & Basic Laws
Jewish State Meaning & Law of Return
The statement posits that the meaning of a Jewish state in the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty is purely religious, as there is no other meaning to Judaism. Therefore, the definition of a Jew in the Law of Return must conform to Halakhic Law.
- The concept of a Jewish state is controversial and disputed among different segments of Israeli public opinion.
- In 1970, the definition of who is a Jew was inserted into the Law of Return.
Ka’adan Case: Land Allocation
Read MoreEU Social & Employment Policy: Foundations to Modern Strategy
EU Social, Employment, and Economic Growth Policies
Foundations in the EEC Treaty
The EEC Treaty provided for the development of a Community social policy in two key ways:
- Articles 117-122 stated that there should be closer cooperation between member states in the social field, specifically requiring (in Article 119) that member states apply the principle of equal pay for equal work for men and women.
- Articles 123-128 laid the foundation for the European Social Fund (ESF).
Evolution of EU Social Policy:
Read MoreDefects of Legal Transactions in Brazilian Civil Law
Dolo (Fraud/Deceit)
Dolo: Occurs when a person uses trickery to gain an advantage over another. It involves a deceptive factor, implying an intent to do something. This deception is not a spontaneous error. For example, buying a necklace whose salesman said it was gold, and then you find that it is not.
Main Fraud (Dolo Principal)
This is a situation where deception exists, and the mistake is caused or induced by one of the parties or even a third party (as Brazilian law admits fraud caused by third
Read MoreChilean Pension System: Benefits and Professional Implications
Pensions Under Decree Law No. 3500
The system includes the following pensions:
- Normal Old-Age Pension
- Early Old-Age Pension
- Disability Pension
- Survivor’s Pension
Normal Old-Age Pension
The Normal Old-Age Pension entitles individuals to receive a monthly amount of money after reaching the minimum retirement age (65 years for males or 60 years for females), provided they are enrolled in one of the pension schemes.
Early Old-Age Pension Explained
The Early Old-Age Pension is a benefit allowing members to retire
Read MoreCompany Law Fundamentals: Structure, Formation, and Capital
Understanding Companies: Definitions and Features
Definition of a Company
A company is a legal entity separate from its members, created by law, with its own rights, duties, and liabilities. It is a business organization formed to carry out specific activities as defined in its charter. Companies have the ability to own property, incur liabilities, and engage in business transactions in their own name.
- According to Section 2(20) of the Companies Act, 2013, “Company means a company incorporated under
Property Expropriation: Rights, Compensation, and Legal Process
Understanding Property Expropriation
Expropriation is a legal process where a public entity acquires private property for public use, often against the owner’s will, with compensation. This document clarifies the effects, claims, compensation methods, and legal aspects of expropriation.
Key Effects of Expropriation
- Property Unmarketability: Once an act of expropriation is initiated, the affected property becomes unmarketable and cannot be subject to any further acts or contracts.
- Right to Claim: The