Understanding Contracts, Agreements, and Legal Obligations

Agreement

An agreement is a mutual understanding or arrangement between two or more parties, where they express their willingness to act or refrain from acting in a certain way. It may or may not be legally enforceable.

Key Points:

  • Can be either written or oral.
  • May or may not be legally binding.
  • Formed when there is a proposal and acceptance.
  • For example, agreeing to meet a friend at a cafĂ©.
  • Not all agreements are contracts.

Contract

A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties

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Real Rights: Subjects, Faculties, and Legal Defenses

Item 2: Real Rights

There can be no real rights without a subject. The subjects of the actual legal relationship may be:

  • Owners of individual rights over the thing: It is he who has power over the thing and who can give effect to the real action. The holder must be determined, or at least temporarily given.
  • Subjects who hold power over the thing: The holders of real rights can be:
    • Individuals: Have the capacity to act or not. (Art. 443 CC)
    • Legal persons as subjects of legal relations as well, e.g., the
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Understanding the Criminal Legal System and its Principles

Unit I: The Criminal Legal System

Definition: A set of rules that describe behaviors rejected by society and contain the threat of a penalty. The State is the one that prohibits conduct, applies sanctions, and regulates social life.

Characteristics of Criminal Law

The main features of criminal law are that it is public, regulatory, evaluative, a finalist, and deals with external events.

  • Public: Because the state is able to create rules defining crimes and imposing sanctions.
  • Regulatory: Because it lays
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Understanding the Legal Nature of Marriage

The Legal Nature of Marriage

The term “marriage” is ambivalent, applying equally to two distinct concepts:

  • Marriage in fieri: This refers to the legal act whereby spouses mutually consent to form the marital union. It is equivalent to the ceremony or the moment when the marriage becomes legal.
  • Marriage in facto esse: This refers to the conjugal relationship or the community formed by the husband and wife, that is, the legal relationship between spouses.

This duality of meaning is the basis of two classical

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Key Labor Laws and Employee Benefits in India

Salient Features of the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF)

1. Mandatory Contributions: Employees contribute 12% of their basic salary, and employers match this amount. A portion of the employer’s contribution goes to the Employee Pension Scheme (EPS) and Employee Deposit Linked Insurance (EDLI).

2. Interest: EPF balances earn annual interest, typically between 8-9%, which is tax-free.

3. Employee Pension Scheme (EPS): A part of the employer’s contribution provides a pension for employees after retirement.

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Understanding Legal Personhood: Rights and Obligations

Person: It’s all being (all that exists or can exist) layers of acquiring rights and obligations.

Types of People

  • Natural person: All integers with characteristic signs of humanity without distinction or physical accidents are people visible.

Beginning and End of the Existence of a Natural Person

The existence begins at conception in the womb. Since then, rights can be acquired (e.g., an unborn child already has the right to life). It is considered a birth when the birth attendants are signs of life.

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