Key Laws and Concepts of Francoist Spain
Key Francoist Spain Legislation and Concepts (Item 14)
The Franco Regime
The Franco regime, instituted after the Spanish Civil War, established a state characterized by extreme authoritarianism. Its most important features included:
- Totalitarianism: Inspired by Italian and German fascism.
- Abolition of the 1931 Constitution and all individual and collective guarantees.
- Closure of Parliament.
- Banning of all political parties and trade unions, except for a single official party (Falange Española Tradicionalista
Understanding Roman Law and Legal Theory: Key Concepts
Roman Law: Core Principles
The concept of legal obligation is a relationship where one party, the debtor, must observe a behavior or provision (doing or not doing) in the interest of another party, the creditor.
The object of the obligation is to give, do, or perform a specific behavior.
A source of obligation is the fact, act, or legal provision that gives rise to obligations.
The foundation of quasi-contracts lies in the principle that no one should enrich themselves without cause or harm to another.
Read MoreUnderstanding Food Law in Chile: Key Regulations and Rights
Food Law
Chilean law • A. • The Civil Code arts. 321 and 337 of Title XVIII of Book I regulate essentially the following subjects:
- 1. Who and under what circumstances should food (art. 321)
- 2. How to proceed when you have multiple titles to request food (art. 326)
- 3. Grounds for disqualification from food (art. 324)
- 4. Criteria to assess food (articles 329, 330, and 333)
- 5. When and to whom to provide food (art. 327, 331, and 332)
The other provisions of the Civil Code relating to food are:
- 1. The relationship
Understanding Intent (Dolo) in Criminal Liability
Forms of Guilt in Criminal Law
Among the most burdensome forms of guilt is intent (dolo). Generally, all crimes described in the Penal Code are considered malicious (intentional), with the exception of reckless or negligent crimes (culpa), which are typically less severe. However, between intent (dolo) and negligence (culpa – note that recklessness and blame are often synonymous terms in the Penal Code), there are several scales of responsibility. Responsibility is graduated within intentional
Read MoreVictim Classification and Secondary Victimization Issues
Victim Classifications and System Interactions
Types of Victims
Non-Participating Victims
These victims are often considered ideal (consumable, replaceable, or substitutable) and are not involved in the genesis of the crime.
- Accidental: Randomly encountered by the criminal (e.g., a victim during a bank robbery).
- Indiscriminate: No connection with the aggressor (e.g., a victim of a terrorist attack).
Participating Victims
These victims are often considered irreplaceable and are voluntarily involved, to
Roman Jurists, Spanish Civil Law, and Key Legal Concepts
Work of Classical Roman Jurists
This period marks the peak of Roman legal culture, known as the classical era. It is primarily due to the work of the classical jurists who, in a real and practical sense focused on citizens’ conflicts, learned to create the foundations of a valuable Universal Law. Breaking with the past yet respecting tradition, the jurisconsults believed, like Cicero, that law is formed over many centuries and consolidated by use and antiquity.
To address personal needs, they suggested
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