Understanding Articles 137 & 147: Spain’s Territorial Organization
Understanding Spain’s Territorial Organization: Articles 137 & 147
Articles 137 and 147, belonging to Title VIII of the Constitution, address the Territorial Organisation of the State. Article 137 clearly explains how Spain is organized territorially. It has a historical equivalent in Title I of the Constitution of the Second Republic, which dealt with the national organization. However, the 1978 Constitution allows for broader autonomy.
This new organization of autonomous communities has resulted
Read MoreCollective Bargaining Agreements: Content and Process
Content of Collective Bargaining Agreements
(Important)
A) Regulatory Content (Conditions of Employment)
Parties can freely bargain, limited only by law. Negotiable items include:
- Individual employment relations: Employment conditions (salaries, promotions, etc.).
- Conditions of industrial relations: Guarantees for representatives, worker participation, etc.
- Company economic situation.
- Social action for workers (housing, childcare, etc.).
Non-transferable limits:
- Must respect minimum rights conditions.
- Must
Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law: Key Concepts
Hans Kelsen and the Pure Theory of Law
Hans Kelsen was deeply committed to the development of a pure theory of law and, therefore, to the advancement of legal science. His work, Pure Theory of Law, explores concepts such as justice and democracy.
Main Objective of the Pure Theory of Law
Kelsen aimed to develop a doctrine that would ensure knowledge directed solely at the law. He argued that legal theorists should exclude all elements external to the law when analyzing it, setting aside political ideology
Read MoreUnderstanding Labor Laws: A Concise Guide
Understanding Labor Laws: A Concise Analysis
THE DAY: Labor relations are governed by Article 34 of the Statute of workers, and stipulates that working hours will be negotiated in collective agreements. But there is a provision that you can not work more than forty hours per week. This does not prevent distributions can be made irregular working hours, so that can be set over the years, always respecting the minimum periods of daily and weekly rest established by law. Between the end of one journey
Read MoreAsma Jilani Case: Landmark Judgment & Legal Principles
Asma Jilani Case: A Landmark Decision
Supreme Court Bench
Chief Justice: Hamood ur Rehman
Justice: Waheed ud Din Ahmad
Justice: Muhammad Yaqub Ali
Justice: Salahud
Read MoreUnderstanding Pledges, Contracts, and Seller Rights
A “pledge” generally refers to a solemn promise or commitment to do something. It can be used in various contexts:
Different Contexts of a Pledge
- Commitment or Promise: A pledge can be a formal promise or declaration to take a certain action, such as pledging to donate money to a cause, or pledging allegiance to a country.
- Security or Collateral: In finance, a pledge may refer to something offered as security for a debt, like an item pledged as collateral for a loan.
- Group Membership: In some social