Understanding Legal Obligations: Definitions, Types, and Extinction
Duties
A duty is a link whereby we give, do, or do not do something.
Elements of a Legal Obligation
- Subject: Persons involved in the legal relationship: the active subject (creditor) and the passive subject (debtor).
- Purpose: The specific action to be fulfilled by the debtor to the creditor.
- Cause: The reason why a person is obliged to another.
Sources of Legal Obligations
- Contract: When several people agree on a common declaration of willingness to establish rules for their rights.
- Quasi-contract: A lawful,
International Responsibility: Development, Elements, and Application
Development of the Law of International Responsibility
The development of the law of international responsibility is contained mainly in customary law. However, it is important to clarify the following:
- It does not contain the primary rules of international law (which would be impossible), that is, those whose violation gives rise to international responsibility. It only reflects the secondary consequences of the violation of any international standard.
- It only encodes the rules governing state responsibility
State Budgets: Understanding the Legislative Framework
Concept of General State Budgets
The General State Budgets (PGE) are a legislative act authorizing the maximum expenditure to be carried out during the financial year and the anticipated revenues needed to finance it. Annual budgets are approved by a law voted in the courts, establishing a maximum of obligations to be recognized by the state and its autonomous bodies, the full costs of the various entities that make up the state public sector, and all other income that each entity is expected to
Read MorePublic Financial Law and Tax Law: Principles and Concepts
Public Financial Law
Public Financial Law (PFL) is an area of law that studies the financial activity of public entities, their legal regimen, and the management of the public treasury. We understand financial activity as an activity related to the obtainment of revenue and expenditure with which the state can satisfy collective needs, such as education. As an object of knowledge, PFL is concerned with the financial activity performed by regional and institutional bodies. The function of these bodies
Read MoreMunicipal Rights, Obligations, and Inter-Municipal Cooperation
Rights and Obligations of Citizens
Citizens have the following rights and obligations within their municipalities:
- a) To vote and participate in elections in accordance with electoral legislation.
- b) To participate in municipal management as outlined by law.
- c) To use municipal utilities and access communal land, in accordance with regulations.
- d) To contribute, through economic and personal means, to the legal conduct of municipal powers.
- e) To be informed, upon reasoned request, and to directly request
Spanish Confiscations: Mendizabal and Madoz (1836-1924)
Confiscation During the Liberal Revolution in the Reign of Elizabeth II
D) New annulment of the measures of the Absolutist Decade (1823-1833).
Mendizabal’s Confiscation (1836)
- Affected the goods of the clergy.
- Resulted in the elimination of numerous religious orders.
- Objective: Raising funds for the expenses of the First Carlist War and public debt.
1837 Estates Law
- Pretended to convert the property linked to the Ancien Régime into free property that could circulate in the market.