Corporate Legal Compliance: Capital, Governance, and Insolvency Rules
Analysis of Corporate Legal Requirements (C.E.A.)
1. Choosing the Joint Stock Company (S.A.)
The desire to raise capital easily, avoid restrictions on share transmission, and limit liability points exclusively to the legal form of a Joint Stock Company (S.A.).
This entity is regulated by the Corporate Enterprises Act (C.E.A.). Since the minimum capital requirement (€60,000) is also exceeded, this legal form is confirmed.
2. Validity of Non-Cash Social Contributions
The office, valued at €3,000,000,
Read MorePublic Finance: Budget Structure, Revenue Sources, and Modification Procedures
Budgetary Structures and Economic Classification
Economic Classification of Budget Expenditures
The economic classification of budget expenditures of the state and its autonomous agencies is structured into chapters:
- Chapter 1: Personnel Expenses.
- Chapter 2: Current Expenditure on Goods and Services.
- Chapter 3: Financial Expenses.
- Chapter 4: Current Transfers.
- Chapter 5: Implementing Contingency Budget Fund.
- Chapter 6: Real Investments.
- Chapter 7: Capital Transfers.
- Chapter 8: Financial Assets.
- Chapter 9:
EU Internal Market: Phases, Principles, and Free Movement Rights
The EU Internal Market: Phases and Principles
Phases of Economic Integration
The process of EU economic integration follows distinct phases:
- Free Trade Zone: Elimination of tariffs between Member States (MS).
- Customs Union: Adds a common external tariff.
- Common Market: Ensures free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital.
- Economic Union: Coordinates economic policies.
- Economic Integration: Deepest level, often leading to political integration.
Historical Evolution of the Internal Market
- 1957 Treaties:
Fundamentals of Legal Systems and Jurisprudence
Law: Definition and Purpose
- Definition: Recognized, legitimate, and mostly codified standards binding a community.
- Characteristics:
- Universal: Applies to everyone in the jurisdiction.
- Coercive: Enforceable through institutions.
- Open: Accessible and understandable to those subject to it.
- Functions of Law:
- Order: Maintains public, political, social, economic, international, and moral order.
- Conflict Resolution: Provides peaceful ways to resolve disputes.
- Rights Protection: Secures individual and collective
The Treaty of Waitangi: Motivations, Drafting, and Legal Interpretation
Māori Motivations for Signing the Treaty
- Protection from unruly settlers and lawlessness.
- Protection from unfair private land purchases.
- Stopping fighting between tribes.
- Guarantee of trading relations with Britain.
These motivations failed to deliver.
Crown Motivations for Signing the Treaty
- Colonial competition with the French.
- Financial motives (trade in whales, seals, timber, flax).
- The 1835 Declaration of Independence.
During the time of Cook’s rediscovery of NZ (1769–1830s), Britain was not interested
Functions and Regulatory Scope of the National Land Transport Institute
Article 23: Duties of the National Institute of Land Transportation
The National Institute of Land Transportation is responsible for the following duties:
- Planning and implementation of institutional strengthening programs for the land transport sector.
- Maintaining the National Land Transport Register.
- Registration, issuance, renewal, and monitoring of motor vehicle driving licenses at the national level, across all grade levels and categories.
- Registration, issuance, and control of professional qualifications