Understanding Census Declarations, Taxes, and Business Activities
Census Declaration and Tax Implications
A census declaration serves multiple functions. For example, legal entities can apply for a Tax Identification Number (TIN) through this form. It also informs the tax office of all economic activities, affecting the Economic Activity Tax (IAE), Income Tax, Individual Income Tax, and Value Added Tax (VAT).
Personal Income Tax and Census Declaration
Estimating Yields of Trade or Business Activities
Yields can often be determined objectively by applying specific
Read MoreUnderstanding the Vienna Convention on International Sale of Goods
The International Sale of Goods (Vienna Convention)
This is a very important Convention held in Vienna in 1980, hence its name. It is of great importance due to the fact that its precepts are well-suited to the international arena. Often, countries that have not ratified the Convention seek its implementation.
The Vienna Convention is widely used in its application on the CENUDMI page.
The free CENUDMI established partnerships with several universities around the world through Pace University, dedicated
Read MoreVienna Convention: Key Articles Explained
Key Articles of the Vienna Convention
Article 38 of the ICJ defines the four main sources of law: Treaties, Customary Law, International Customary Law, and General Principles of Law.
Article 2 of the Vienna Convention
(a): “treaty” means an international agreement. To establish a treaty, we must have two or more states and a written document.
(d): “reservation” means a unilateral statement that modifies the legal effects of certain provisions.
Article 3 of the Vienna Convention
Treaties established
Spanish and European Union Law: A Comparative Study
State Institutions
Legislative Branch
The Parliament, known as the Cortes Generales, comprises two chambers: the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. The Cortes Generales exercise legislative power, manage budgets, and hold other powers granted by the Constitution.
Executive Power
The government holds executive power, directing domestic and foreign policies, military administration, and state defense.
Judiciary
Judges enforce laws in cases under their jurisdiction.
The Crown
The King, as head of state,
Read MoreECHR: Balancing Human Rights and Societal Needs
Limitations on Human Rights Under the ECHR
Introduction
Human rights are fundamental pillars of democratic societies, ensuring the protection of individual freedoms and dignity. However, these rights are not absolute. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) recognizes that certain rights may be subject to limitations under specific conditions. These limitations are essential for balancing individual freedoms with broader societal interests, such as national security, public safety, and the
Read MoreBrand Strategies and Tax Guide for Businesses
Brand Management
Brand Categories
- Single/Umbrella Brand: All products under one name (e.g., Danone, Sony). Saves on advertising costs when company prestige is high.
- Multiple Brands: Different brands for different products (e.g., PMI and Easter).
- White Label/Distributor: Retailers buy excess production or manufacturers produce for them (e.g., farmers).
- Partnerships: Two or more brands collaborate on a new product.
Marketing and Sales
- Merchandising: Actions to promote goods at the point of sale.
- Personal