Census Declaration & Business Taxes: IAE, Income Tax
Census Declaration & Tax Obligations
The census declaration serves several functions. For instance, it allows legal entities to apply for a Tax Identification Number (TIN). It also informs the tax office about all economic activities, impacting taxes such as the Economic Activity Tax (IAE), Income Tax, Individual Income Tax, and Value Added Tax (VAT).
Personal Income Tax & Census Declaration
Estimating Business Activity Yields
Yields can typically be determined objectively by applying specific
Read MoreState Territorial Organization: Unitary, Federal, and Spain’s Autonomy System
Understanding State Territorial Organization
The territorial organization of the State refers to how power and territory relate within a state. There are two primary ways of organizing power:
Unitary State Model
- Unitary State: This model arose in the French system as a reaction against the Old Regime and its many centers of power. It seeks to concentrate power in a single center, resulting in one state power. This necessitates a single executive, a single legislative body, and a single judiciary. The
Holding International Organizations Accountable: Legal Frameworks and Challenges
International Organizations: Accountability Challenges
International organizations, like states, can be held responsible for their actions, but the system to make them truly accountable is unclear and very limited. These organizations have international legal personality, which means they can have obligations and be held liable for their conduct.
However, there is no specific court to enforce accountability. Victims often have no real legal path to claim justice. There are three main problems:
Core
Read MoreGovernment Procurement: Tenders, Direct Contracts, and Supplier Registration
Abbreviated Tender Process
This process is initiated in response to the regular budget allocated for goods and non-personal services, based on the Administration’s assessment of market competition and business needs.
Participation Requirements
The Administration should invite at least five service providers, who must be registered in the register of suppliers.
Tender Submission Deadlines
The deadline for receiving tenders may not be less than five nor more than twenty working days.
Adjudication and Award
Read MoreAdministrative Acts: Definition, Elements, and Appeals
Administrative Act: Definition and Scope
A declaration of will, knowledge, or judgment dictated by the public administration in exercising its administrative activity, which has legal effect.
Features of an Administrative Act
- It is legally binding, differentiating it from material acts.
- Administrative acts are dictated by the executive administration.
- As a power, they are subject to administrative law.
Classes of Administrative Acts
By the Issuing Organ:
- Simple Act: Issued by a single administrative body,
International Environmental Law and Regulation
International Environmental Agreements
The Variety of International Environmental Agreements:
- Marine pollution
- Air pollution
- Hazardous material transport
- Nature & wildlife
- Antarctica
- Plant protection
Political Factors in International Agreements
- Economic status
- Political stability
- Superpowers
- Research centers
- Transparency and corruption
Canada’s Role in Environmental Agreements
- 1979: Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution
- 1987: Montreal Protocol
Montreal Protocol
- 191 countries agreed to phase