Public Services: Classification, Elements, and Changes
Classification of Public Services
The classification of public services can be performed through three factors or criteria:
- Territory: Public services may be national (ministries, INJUV, SENAME), regional (SEREMI, SERVIU Health Service, GORE), or local (municipality).
- Quality of Agents: A distinction is made between services attended by government officials and those attended by dealers.
- Equity: Utilities exist that are dependent on those who manage their tasks with the equity of the Exchequer (ministries,
EU Law: Principles, Direct Effect, and Application
EU Law: An Autonomous Legal Order
EU law is an autonomous legal order, distinct from both international law (with its own adoption and application of rules, and dispute settlement procedures) and national law (with its own legislative procedure, sources of law, effectiveness, and entry into force).
Direct Effect and Applicability
Direct Effect: This means that EU law’s effects can be fully deployed in a uniform manner in all Member States from its entry into force and throughout its validity.
Direct
Understanding Administrative Acts: Elements, Classes, and Procedure
Administrative Act: Key Concepts
Administrative Act: An act of public administration within the administrative law framework.
It has three key characteristics that differentiate it from other acts:
- It is a legal act.
- It is dictated by administrative bodies of the executive branch.
- It is subject to administrative law.
Elements of an Administrative Act
Subjective Element
The organ or person with the authority to dictate the act.
Circumstances:
- It must originate from the administration.
- It must be dictated by
Consumer Rights: Package Travel and Timeshare Contracts
Article 162: Liability of Organizers and Retailers
1. Package organizers and retailers shall be liable to the consumer or user, depending on the obligations of their respective areas of responsibility for managing the package, for correct compliance with obligations deriving from the contract, independently of whether these must be performed by themselves or by other service providers, and without prejudice to the organizer or retailer’s right to bring proceedings against said service providers.
Read MoreEqual Treatment in Employment: EU Directive Compliance
Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation
Protection Against Discrimination
- Right to **compensation** for victims of discrimination.
- Legal persons (e.g., associations) with a legitimate interest can initiate legal action on behalf of or in support of the applicant, with their authorization.
- States must protect all workers against dismissal or other adverse treatment by the employer as a reaction to actions taken to ensure compliance with the principle of **equal treatment (ET)**.
State Obligations
Read MoreWorld Trade Organization: Rules, Agreements, and Measures
World Trade Organization (WTO)
The WTO is an organization with 164 members that deals with the rules of trade between nations. It covers various aspects of trade:
Trade of Goods
- GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
- Anti-Dumping measures
- Subsidies and countervailing measures
- Licensing procedures
Trade of Services
- GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) – 140 economies
- Excludes government authority and traffic rights
- Includes natural person’s presence, consumption abroad, cross-border supply,