Equal Treatment in Employment: EU Directive Compliance
Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation
Protection Against Discrimination
- Right to **compensation** for victims of discrimination.
- Legal persons (e.g., associations) with a legitimate interest can initiate legal action on behalf of or in support of the applicant, with their authorization.
- States must protect all workers against dismissal or other adverse treatment by the employer as a reaction to actions taken to ensure compliance with the principle of **equal treatment (ET)**.
State Obligations
Read MoreWorld Trade Organization: Rules, Agreements, and Measures
World Trade Organization (WTO)
The WTO is an organization with 164 members that deals with the rules of trade between nations. It covers various aspects of trade:
Trade of Goods
- GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
- Anti-Dumping measures
- Subsidies and countervailing measures
- Licensing procedures
Trade of Services
- GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) – 140 economies
- Excludes government authority and traffic rights
- Includes natural person’s presence, consumption abroad, cross-border supply,
Legal Theories: Naturalism, Positivism, Realism, and the State
Legal Iusnaturalism
Legal iusnaturalism is a conception of law and justice which defends the existence of natural rights of the individual that are universal and inalienable. Therefore, for iusnaturalist thinkers, the main function of the State is to protect and ensure that individuals can enjoy these natural rights. From that perspective, the positive recognition of these fundamental natural rights in the laws is interpreted as a formal recognition by the State of a series of previous ethical principles,
Read MoreUnderstanding Ordinary and Organic Laws in Legislative Processes
Classification Procedure (75.2 EC)
+ Article 75.2 EC:
“The cameras may delegate to the legislative standing committees for the approval of bills.
The House, however, may require at any time the debate and vote on any bill that has been the subject of the delegation.”
+ Act of Parliament:
1. Ordinary or common processing.
2. Plenary – Commission – Parliament:
First, debate the bill in its entirety in plenary, then organize a committee, and finally return back to the plenary for
Spanish Insolvency Law: Key Aspects and Procedures
Spanish Insolvency Law: An Analysis
The Spanish insolvency process, governed by the Insolvency Act of July 9, 2003, regulates insolvency proceedings. This law is the result of a long process to amend Spanish bankruptcy law, which was previously based on the Act of 1829. While there were some changes in the 20th century, this law represents a complete reform of bankruptcy law.
Key Principles of Insolvency Law
Insolvency law provides for a single procedure: the “contest,” which applies to any debtor,
Read MoreTrademark and Patent Law: Key Concepts and Procedures
Denomination of Origin
Denomination of origin: Name of a country’s geographical region.
Invalidity, Revocation, or Cancellation of Registration
Registration of a mark will be void when:
- The record has been granted on the basis of false data.
- The mark is identical or similar, to a degree of confusion, to one that has been used previously.
Registration Lapse
Registration will lapse if:
- It is not renewed under the terms of this Act.
- When the mark has ceased to be used during three consecutive years.
Cancellation
The
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