Ethical Research Practices and Methodologies
Ethics in Research
- Ethics and Individual Respondents:
- Informed Decision and Informed Consent: Explain all aspects of the research, ensure voluntary participation, and outline the characteristics of the research.
- Mistreatment: Avoid causing inconvenience, misrepresentation, or requesting unnecessary information.
- Confidentiality/Privacy: Clearly define what information will be shared, who will have access to it, and provide information about electronic monitoring.
- Special Populations:
- Working with Children:
Journalistic Documentation: Key Features and Functions
Characteristics of Journalistic Documentation
The features are common to all Media Documentation Centers (MDC). What is important is that information normally requires retrospect; that is, the earlier documentary sources need to be reliable and to have good knowledge. Based on this information collected by the journalist, keep in mind the following:
I. Duality in the Origin of the Sources
There are two types of sources:
- Sources from outside (from other MDCs, public or private agencies, press files,
Key Concepts in Survey Design and Sampling Methods
Survey Question Types and Biases
Forced Choice Question
A forced-choice question is a format for question responses that requires respondents to provide an answer (e.g., yes or no), forcing them to make judgments about each response option.
Observer Effect
The observer effect refers to changes that the act of observing has on the phenomenon being observed.
Observer Bias
Observer bias is the tendency to see what we expect to see, or what we want to see.
Reactivity
Reactivity is a phenomenon that occurs when
Read MoreConsumer Behavior: Key Concepts and Applications
Consumer Behavior
Consumer behavior is the behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of the products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs.
Segmentation
- Identifiable: Able to identify and measure the common characteristics.
- Sizeable: Segment is stable in terms of needs, demographics, and psychological factors.
- Stable: In terms of lifestyles and consumption patterns.
- Accessible: Able to access and reach the segment in an economical way.
Marketing: Customer Engagement and Value Creation
Marketing
Marketing is a process by which companies: (1) engage customers, (2) build strong customer relationships, and (3) create customer value to capture value from customers in return. Today, marketing must be understood not in the sense of making a sale (“telling and selling”) but in the sense of satisfying customer needs.
Marketing Offerings
Marketing offerings are services, information, or experiences offered to a market to satisfy a need or want.
Marketing Myopia
Marketing myopia is focusing
Read MoreResearch Methods: Questions, Frameworks, and Designs
1. What is the Relationship Between Research Questions and Theoretical Frameworks?
The relationship is that the approach to the problem must utilize a theoretical framework to answer the question posed. Without a theoretical framework, it would be almost impossible to solve the problem, since the question has its reason for being within a theoretical framework.
It is important to note that a theoretical framework must be directly related to the research problem.
2. Four Functions of a Theoretical Framework
- Broadens