Key Statistical and Machine Learning Concepts in Data Science

Probability Distribution

Probability distribution gives the possibility of each outcome of a random experiment or event. It provides the probabilities of different possible occurrences. Probability distribution yields the possible outcomes for any random event. It is also defined based on the underlying sample space as a set of possible outcomes of any random experiment. These settings could be a set of real numbers, a set of vectors, or a set of any entities. It is a part of probability and statistics.

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Statistical Analysis: Essential Concepts and Techniques

Five Number Summary and Outliers

The five-number summary includes the minimum, first quartile (Q1), second quartile (Q2), third quartile (Q3), and maximum. Outliers are values above Q3 + 1.5xIQR or below Q1 – 1.5xIQR.

Shifting and Scaling Data

Shifting data by adding a constant C:

  • Mean and median increase by C.
  • Spread remains unchanged.

Scaling data by multiplying by a constant C:

  • Mean, median, and standard deviation (SD) are multiplied by C.
  • Variance is multiplied by C2.

The 68-95-99.7 Rule

This rule states

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Sales and Production Budget Analysis: Q1 2009

Sales Budget

The company projects a 7% growth in unit sales for the first quarter of 2009, based on FY2008 historical data. The net sales price will increase from $320 to $380.

MonthHistorical UnitsGrowthProjected UnitsSale PriceProjected Sales Revenue
January3,5007%3,745$380$1,423,100
February2,2007%2,354$380$894,520
March1,8007%1,926$380$731,880
Total7,5008,025$3,049,500

Finished Goods Production Budget

The inventory of finished goods (FG) for the quarter is as follows:

MonthDayUnits
December312,100
January311,
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Linear Models: Regression, Interactions, and Best Practices

Simple Regression, Inference, and Centering

Simple Linear Regression: Models the linear relationship between two continuous variables.

  • Outcome (y): Variable being predicted.
  • Predictor (x): Variable used for prediction.
  • Intercept (b₀): Predicted y when x=0. Affected by centering.
  • Slope (b₁): Change in y for a one-unit change in x.
  • Residual: Difference between observed and predicted y.
  • OLS (Ordinary Least Squares): Method to find the best-fitting line by minimizing the sum of squared residuals.

Centering:

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Essential Python Libraries and AI Project Development

NumPy: Numerical Python

NumPy, which stands for Numerical Python, is a Python library that provides functionality to do the following:

  • Create multidimensional array objects (called ndarrays or NumPy arrays).
  • Provide tools for working with ndarrays.

NumPy Arrays

An array, in general, refers to a named group of homogeneous elements. A NumPy array is simply a grid that contains values of the same type.

import numpy as np

list = [1, 2, 3, 4]

a1 = np.array(list)

print(a1)

Although NumPy arrays look similar to

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Key Concepts in Statistics: From Distributions to Data Analysis

Binomial Distribution

Binomial distribution is a common discrete distribution used in statistics, as opposed to a continuous distribution, such as normal distribution. This is because binomial distribution only counts two states, typically represented as 1 (for a success) or 0 (for a failure), given a number of trials in the data. Binomial distribution thus represents the probability for x successes in n trials, given a success probability p for each trial. The underlying assumptions of binomial

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