Cartographic Standards and Thematic Map Design
Cartographic Standards for Series Mapping
These standards ensure uniformity across all pages of a series map. They specify the design of symbols, colors, and typography for a consistent result.
Lettering
Text size and spacing should reflect importance and extent. Lettering must be appropriate for its type (e.g., road, city, region) and consider order and qualitative differences.
Labeling Order
- Inflexible phenomena
- Point phenomena
- Linear features
- Surface features
- Contour lines
Basemap
The basemap (including
Read MoreStatistical Analysis of Data Distribution and Correlation
| Interval | Class Mark (Xi) | Mean (X) | Momentum in n and n = number raised to the point | Pearson |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linf – Lsup | (Linf + Lsup) / 2 | (xi – X) (xi – X) * nfi | b2 = moment4 / (σ2)2 (where σ2 is the population variance)
|
Data Distribution Analysis
The Pearson coefficient (B2) is based on the fourth moment about the mean.
For example, for samples of size 40:
- If B2 < 2.15, the distribution is negatively skewed (platykurtic).
- If B2 > 3.99, the distribution is positively skewed.
- If B2 > 3, the distribution is more pointed
Understanding Regression Analysis and Variable Relationships
Relationship Between Variables and Regression: The term “regression” was introduced by Galton in his 1889 book Natural Inheritance, referring to the universal law of regression: each peculiarity in a person is shared by their descendants, but on average, to a lesser degree (regression to the mean). His work focused on describing the physical traits of descendants (a variable) based on their parents (another variable).
Pearson (Galton’s friend) conducted a study of over 1,000 households, examining
Read MoreUnivariate Data Analysis: Frequency Tables, Graphs, and Statistical Measures
1. Household Size Frequency Distribution
When 20 individuals were asked about the number of people living in their homes, the following responses were collected:
a) Frequency Table
b) Distribution Graph
2. Telephones per Household
A telephone company is interested in the number of telephones (including mobile phones) in homes. A survey yielded the following responses:
a) Frequency Table
b) Distribution Graph
3. Multiple-Choice Test Results
In a class, a multiple-choice test with 40 questions was administered.
Read MoreUnderstanding Number Series and Problem-Solving in Basic Education
Understanding Number Series
Series Concept
A set of things that follow each other and are interrelated. These series can be made with pictures, numbers, symbols, or objects.
Number Series
This typically involves learning to interpret a sequence of integers given the first few terms. Series can be finite or infinite. The goal is to find the missing terms by identifying the underlying rule. Series can be purely numerical or contain letters, symbols, or combinations thereof.
Examples:
- 3, 3, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5,
M Method or Penalty Method in Linear Programming
M Method or Penalty Method
Introduction
This section explains how to adapt the simplex method for linear programming problems that are not in standard form. We will focus on handling equality constraints and constraints with ≥ signs. The adjustments are made in the initial step, allowing the rest of the simplex method to proceed as usual.
The Challenge of Non-Standard Forms
Non-standard forms pose a challenge in identifying an initial basic feasible solution. The standard approach involves the technique
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