Linear Models: Regression, Interactions, and Best Practices
Simple Regression, Inference, and Centering
Simple Linear Regression: Models the linear relationship between two continuous variables.
- Outcome (y): Variable being predicted.
- Predictor (x): Variable used for prediction.
- Intercept (b₀): Predicted y when x=0. Affected by centering.
- Slope (b₁): Change in y for a one-unit change in x.
- Residual: Difference between observed and predicted y.
- OLS (Ordinary Least Squares): Method to find the best-fitting line by minimizing the sum of squared residuals.
Centering:
Read MoreEssential Python Libraries and AI Project Development
NumPy: Numerical Python
NumPy, which stands for Numerical Python, is a Python library that provides functionality to do the following:
- Create multidimensional array objects (called ndarrays or NumPy arrays).
- Provide tools for working with ndarrays.
NumPy Arrays
An array, in general, refers to a named group of homogeneous elements. A NumPy array is simply a grid that contains values of the same type.
import numpy as np
list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
a1 = np.array(list)
print(a1)
Although NumPy arrays look similar to
Read MoreKey Concepts in Statistics: From Distributions to Data Analysis
Binomial Distribution
Binomial distribution is a common discrete distribution used in statistics, as opposed to a continuous distribution, such as normal distribution. This is because binomial distribution only counts two states, typically represented as 1 (for a success) or 0 (for a failure), given a number of trials in the data. Binomial distribution thus represents the probability for x successes in n trials, given a success probability p for each trial. The underlying assumptions of binomial
Read MoreData Warehousing: Key Concepts and Best Practices
What is a Data Warehouse and Why is it Needed?
A Data Warehouse is a centralized repository that integrates, stores, and manages data from multiple sources, transforming it into a structured format to support decision-making and analytical processes. Unlike operational databases, which are optimized for transactional tasks, data warehouses are designed for read-intensive activities like querying, reporting, and data analysis.
Definition:
A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant,
Read MoreFiscal Obligations and Accounting Records for Businesses
Item 5. System of Accounting Records of the Company and the Initial Registration of Operations
5.1. Formal Fiscal Obligations for the Individual Entrepreneur
General Obligations VAT
Obligations of Taxpayers
The taxpayer is forced to pay VAT to the Treasury. Their duties are:
- Submit the statement of the beginning of the activity (i.e., starting at the farm), which is the census declaration.
- Request the NIF / CIF
- Issue and deliver bills and keep duplicates
- Keeping the accounts
- Present VAT returns and payments
Bill of Exchange, Promissory Note, and Inventory Management
Bill of Exchange
A bill of exchange is a degree or formal document that includes a mandate for which a person, drawer, orders another, the drawee, to pay a certain amount of money to the payee or legitimate holder thereof, at maturity.
Features
- It’s a title or document that includes a payment order.
- The document or formal title is:
- Features a term of payment to the drawee.
- It’s a means of payment used to defer payment over time.
- Incorporates the promise to pay the lawful taker or possessor of the letter