Statistical Sampling Techniques and Sample Size Calculation
Statistical Sampling
Statistical sampling is a technique for selecting a subset of individuals from a population to infer properties of the entire population. This process saves resources while aiming to obtain similar results as a full population study.
Statistical Sample
A statistical sample is a subset of cases or individuals within a population. Samples are obtained to infer properties of the whole population and should be representative of it. A proper sampling technique is crucial for achieving
Read MoreBond Valuation and Yield Calculations
- Calculating Bond Price with Annual Coupon Payments
A German company issues a bond with a par value of €1,000, 8 years to maturity, and an 8% annual coupon rate. If the yield to maturity (YTM) is 10%, what is the current bond price in euros?
| Enter | 8 | 10% | €80 | €1,000 | |
| N | I/Y | PV | PMT | FV | |
| Solve for | €893.30 |
- Calculating Yield to Maturity
A Japanese company has a bond selling for 107.218% of its ¥100,000 par value. The bond has a 6.8% annual coupon rate and matures in 20 years. What is the yield to maturity of this
Quality Management System Audits & ISO 9000 Principles
Audit
A systematic, independent, and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent of compliance with the audit criteria.
Audit Criteria
A set of policies, procedures, or requirements used as a reference.
Audit Evidence
Records, statements of fact, or any other information relevant to the audit criteria and verifiable.
Comparing “What Is” and “What Should Be”
This comparison allows for:
- Verifying that activities relating to quality, safety, or environmental
Sampling Methods and Particle Size Analysis in Mineral Processing
Sampling Methods
Purpose of Sampling
Sampling involves removing a small portion (sample) from a larger bulk material to analyze its properties. Several methods achieve this:
Systematic Sampling
This method collects samples at fixed intervals (mass, time, or space) from a lot or population. The first unit is randomly selected, and subsequent units are chosen at regular intervals. When a batch varies randomly, systematic sampling is similar to random sampling. However, differences arise when the lot
Read MoreThe Structure of the Tongue: Phonemes and Words
1. Language as a System
Language is a system where all elements are interdependent and form a cohesive whole.
Linguistic units at each level (phonetic, morphosyntactic, and lexical) are analyzed through oppositional relationships with other units at the same level. These relationships depend on shared traits and distinguishing features that define their role within the system.
It’s important to differentiate between language and speech. Speech is an individual’s use of language. While language is social,
Read MoreA Guide to Vertical Files, Book Structure, and Library Resources
Vertical Files
A vertical file is a system for storing and organizing printed materials such as brochures, press releases, magazines, photographs, drawings, maps, clippings, and other documents useful for research and educational activities. It’s called “vertical” because materials are filed upright.
Organizing a Vertical File
- Use a filing cabinet with multiple drawers.
- Utilize large desk drawers.
- Create custom folders from cardboard boxes (15″ x 24″).
- Use large cardboard folders for classroom materials.