Introduction to Statistics: A Comprehensive Guide
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
1. Population and Sample
- Population: A collection of all units of interest.
- Subject: An individual unit of a population.
- Sample: An observed subset of the units of a population.
2. Parameter and Statistic
- Parameter: A number that describes a population, which is usually unknown.
- Statistic: A number that describes a sample. It must be computable from the sample, and therefore is known.
3. Statistical Inference
Statistical inference is the procedure of using a sample to
Read MoreMeasures of Variation: A Comprehensive Guide to Quantifying Data Dispersion
Measures of Variation: Quantifying Data Dispersion
Measures of variation, also known as measures of dispersion, quantify the extent to which individual data points deviate from the central tendency of a data set. Here are some common measures of variation:
1. Range
The range is the simplest measure of variation and is calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a data set. While easy to compute, the range may be sensitive to outliers and may not provide a comprehensive measure
Read MoreAccounting Exercise: Analyzing Financial Transactions & Income Statements
Review Exercises (page 164)
Using Your Knowledge
Chapter 5
Exercise 1, p. 164
A. Asset debit |
B. Asset credit |
C. Liability debit |
D. Liability credit |
E. Capital debit |
F. Capital credit |
G. Drawings debit |
H. Drawings credit |
I. Revenue debit |
J. Revenue credit |
K. Expense debit |
L. Expense credit |
1. Purchase a new car on account. |
2. Receive payment on account from a customer. |
3. Owner withdraws cash for personal use. |
4. Owner starts a new business by investing cash. |
5. The car is repaired and paid for in cash immediately. |
6. |
Hypothesis Testing: Concepts and Applications
Chapter 1: Hypothesis Testing
1. After you conduct a coin-flipping simulation, a graph of the ________ will be very close to 0.50.
2. The graph of a null distribution will be centered approximately on:
3. The p-value of a test of significance is:
4. Suppose a researcher is testing to see
Read MoreMeasurement Scales, Statistical Concepts, and Research Methods in Social Sciences
Measurement Scales
Likert Scales
An ordinal level measurement of a person’s attitude, typically using a 5-7 point scale, allowing participants to indicate how much they agree or disagree with a statement. This method assumes that attitudes can be measured and ranked. It uses ordinal data with two extreme points and a neutral point, making it simple to complete.
Continuous Measurement Scale
Allows for fractional amounts/decimals, which make sense in this context.
Discrete Scale
Only fixed amounts can be
Read MoreStatistical Analysis of Various Research Studies
One-Sample t-test
– A study was conducted to investigate whether the age of tourists in Katatonia has increased since 1995.
In a random sample of 250 tourists in Katatonia, the average age was 47.77 years (s = 15.41 years). This is higher than the average age of 45 years recorded in 1995, and a one-sample t-test shows that this difference in mean age is significant, t(249) = 2.84, p = .005. The 95% confidence interval indicates that since 1995 the average age of tourists has increased
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