Econometrics: Models, Variables, and Parameters
Econometrics
Econometrics combines mathematical and economic theory to build econometric models.
Model Theory
1. Models
A model is a simplified representation of economic reality, expressed in mathematical terms.
2. Requirements of Models
- Represent economic reality
- Have supporting theoretical content
- Be a simplified representation
- Be expressed mathematically
3. Elements of a Model
A model consists of three elements:
Where:
- Y = Endogenous variable
- x = Predetermined variable
- a = Intercept parameter
- b = Slope parameter
- ε
Understanding Social Networks: A Comprehensive Overview
1. Definition of Social Networks
Social networks are forms of social interaction, defined as a dynamic exchange between individuals, groups, and institutions in complex contexts.
2. Social Networking Features
Social networks are open and continuously evolving, involving groups with shared needs and problems, organized to leverage their resources. Their purposes are varied but non-profit, ranging from connecting with classmates, friends, and relatives to fostering professional relationships and business
Read MoreProbability and Statistics: A Comprehensive Overview
1.V
The binomial model is characterized by dichotomous. (There – FAILURE)
2.F
The normal curve is asymmetrical with respect to the mean. (DEPENDS definition)
3.F
Probability theory works with deterministic experiments.
(RAND PROBABILISTIC).
4x
Probability theory allows to get to build a model of the random experiment.
5.F
The route of the standard model is defined on positive real numbers. (Negative-positive)
6.V
Decisions based on probability theory are positive.
7.F
A random experiment is the
Understanding Mathematical Functions and Their Properties
Functions
A function, as defined by Laplace, is a law that associates each value of the independent variable x with a value of the dependent variable y. This correspondence can be written as:
A function is said to be injective if each element of the domain (set A, represented by x) maps to a unique element of the codomain (set B, represented by y). This is also known as a one-to-one correspondence.
A function is surjective if every element of the codomain (B) is an image of an element in the domain
Read MoreFull Costing vs. Direct Costing: A Comparative Analysis
Costing Methods in Business
Types of Costs
We analyze various types of costs, including variable and fixed costs, and how they are incorporated into different costing systems. The primary systems we’ll explore are:
- Full Costing
- Direct Costing
- Rational Imputation
Full Costing
Definition
Full costing, also known as absorption costing, incorporates all costs related to production into the cost of the products. The total cost of production for a given period is calculated as follows:
- Consumption of Raw Materials
Communication Research Methods: A Comprehensive Guide
Communication Research
Research in Communication
Not in Lab: Happens in real-world settings.
Societal Influence: Shaped by social dynamics.
Depends on: Human and social resources.
Scientific Method
Characteristics:
Public: Share methods.
Objective: No personal judgment.
Empirical: Based on experience.
Systematic & Cumulative: Builds on past research.
Predictive & Self-Correcting
Primary vs. Secondary Research
Primary: Collect new data (e.g., surveys).
Secondary: Analyze existing data.