Statistical Analysis: ANOVA, Linear Regression, and Logistic Regression
ANOVA: Analysis of Variance
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is used to compare means across multiple groups. It tests whether there are significant differences between the means of three or more groups and determines whether variation is due to differences between or within groups.
- Between-group variability: Measures how much the means of different groups differ from one another. It represents the systematic effect of the independent variable.
- Within-group variability: Measures how much individual data
Taxable Base Compensation and Depreciation Methods
Compensation of Negative Taxable Base
The deadline to compensate is 15 years. Settlements (finance) or reversals (make it yourself) may be offset against positive income (+) of the tax periods ending in the subsequent 15 years. If there is no declaration, there is no compensation.
Example
If a year’s negative amount is not stated, and the next year’s amount is positive and stated, you cannot compensate for the negative result that was not previously declared. However, you can make a later statement.
Read MoreFinancial Math: Formulas, Calculations, and Applications
Financial Mathematics: Formulas and Calculations
Tutorial 1: Decimal Shifting and Interest Formulas
- If you get a positive value times a number, you need to shift the decimal to the right as many times as the number specified.
- If the number is negative, move it to the left.
Simple Interest Formula:
S = FV = P(1 + i)k
Compound Interest Formula:
Sk = P(1 + i)k
SN = P(1 + I/T)n
Where:
- I = Interest
- T = Frequency of compounding
- K = Number of years
- N = Total number of periods (K * T or T * K)
Depreciation Formula:
V0
Read MoreSampling, Data Collection, Analysis, and Reporting in Research
Summary 8: Sampling in Research
1. This chapter describes how to select a sample. The first thing you have to ask is who is going to be measured, corresponding to defining the unit of analysis—individuals, organizations, or newspapers. You should then clearly define the population based on the objectives of the study and in terms of content features, place, and time.
2. The sample is a subset of the population previously defined and may be probabilistic or non-probabilistic.
3. Choosing what type
Read MorePiaget and Van Hiele: Geometric Concept Development
Piaget’s Theory
Perception: Knowledge of objects resulting from direct contact with them.
Representation: Involves the evocation of objects in the absence of recognition. The order is as follows:
- Recognizes the ring (it has a hole, which is a topological property).
- Recognizes the circle (clearly differs from the straight sides, projective property).
- The square and finally the parallelogram (which has right angles).
The credit for reaching almost all children at age three and a half and the order to recognize
Read MoreProcess Cost Calculation: FIFO vs. Average Method
Problem of Process Costs
A company produces a product that passes through two processes. In the first, raw material alpha is introduced. Raw material beta is gradually added, between 40% and 80% completion. At 40% completion, quality control is carried out. Normal loss is accepted up to 1% of the units put into the process.
At the start of the second process, raw material gamma is incorporated at a ratio of 1/2 liter for each liter received from the previous process. At 90% completion, the production
Read More