Census and Sample Methods in Statistical Investigations
Census Method
Census method is a method of data collection where every item of the universe or population related to the problem under investigation is studied.
Suitability
Census method is particularly suitable for statistical investigations with:
- Small population size
- Widely diverse items in the population
- Requirement of intensive examination of different items
- High degree of accuracy and reliability needed
Merits
- Reliable and Accurate: Results are accurate and highly reliable because each item of the
Futures and Forwards: Hedging and Pricing Strategies
Chapter 2: Futures and Forwards
Futures Contract: A standardized contract traded on an exchange to buy or sell an asset at a future date at a price specified today. It can lead to losses if the price of the underlying asset goes up in the future.
Forward Contract: A customized contract between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a future date for a price agreed upon today. It can lead to profits if the price of the underlying asset goes up in the future.
Cash Flows: In a forward contract, no cash
Read MoreInverse Trigonometric Functions: Properties, Derivatives & Related Rates
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Here’s a concise summary of each inverse trigonometric function, including their notations, domains, ranges, and key properties:
1. Inverse Sine Function
- Notation: sin-1(x) or arcsin(x)
- Domain: -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
- Range: -π/2 ≤ y ≤ π/2
- Key Property: sin(y) = x
2. Inverse Cosine Function
- Notation: cos-1(x) or arccos(x)
- Domain: -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
- Range: 0 ≤ y ≤ π
- Key Property: cos(y) = x
3. Inverse Tangent Function
- Notation: tan-1(x) or arctan(x)
- Domain: -∞ < x < ∞
- Range:
Comprehensive Guide to Taxation: Key Concepts and Calculations
MTR (Marginal Tax Rate) = Change in Tax / Change in Taxable Income = (New Total Tax – Old Total Tax) / (New Taxable Income – Old Taxable Income)
ATR (Average Tax Rate) = Total Tax / Taxable Income
ETR (Effective Tax Rate) = Total Tax / Total Income
Gross Income Test for Qualifying Relatives
1. Gross Income: Business Income + Interest and Dividends + Gains from Selling Property + Prizes, Awards, and Gambling Winnings + Discharge of Indebtedness
Property Dispositions
Gain/Loss from Sale of an Asset = Sale
Read MoreComprehensive Guide to Financial Statement Audits
Financial Statement Audit
Corresponds to a review by auditors, whose aim is to express an opinion on the fairness of financial statements.
Internal Control Audit
A review conducted by trained professionals on the internal control systems of a company (Environment Control, Accounting System, Proceedings of Control) in order to determine proper operation. While this is presented as a separate definition, it should not be forgotten that this audit is part of the audit of financial statements. (This relationship
Introduction to Guna (गुण) in Ayurveda
गुण का परिचय (Introduction to Guna)
परिभाषा (Definition)
वैशेषिक दर्शन: भाव पदार्थों में गुण को दूसरा स्थान दिया है। गुण द्रव्य में आश्रित रहता है।
चरक संहिता: षड् पदार्थों में गुण का तृतीय स्थान है।
आचार्य चरक: जो समवायी