Thermal Power Plant Draught and Coal Handling Systems
1. Explanation of Draught System
Draught System in Thermal Power Plant:
- Draught is the pressure difference that causes the flow of air into the furnace and flue gases out of the boiler.
- Its main purpose is to supply sufficient oxygen for proper combustion of fuel and remove the resulting flue gases.
- Natural Draught: It is produced by a tall chimney due to the difference in density between hot flue gases and outside air.
- Forced Draught: A forced-draught (FD) fan forces fresh air into the furnace under
Automobile Engineering: Chassis, Engines, and Systems
Unit 1: Automobile Engineering Fundamentals
Definition of an Automobile
An automobile is a self-propelled road vehicle designed to transport passengers or goods from one place to another without the need for external power. It operates mainly with the help of an internal combustion engine or an electric motor, which converts fuel or electrical energy into mechanical energy for movement.
An automobile consists of several important systems and components such as the engine, transmission system, steering
Read MoreMarine Engine Fundamentals: Performance and Maintenance
1. Methods of Recharging Marine Engines
Marine engines can operate with natural aspiration or by means of supercharging. Turbochargers use exhaust gas energy to increase the intake air supply, improving power output and efficiency without increasing engine size. However, they suffer from slow response at low loads (turbo-lag) and involve higher operational and maintenance complexity.
2. Firing Order in Piston Engines
A common firing order example is 1-5-3-6-2-4. It is chosen to ensure smooth engine
Read MoreMastering System Maintainability and MTTR Optimization
Maintainability
Maintainability is the ease and speed with which a system or product can be restored to its normal operating condition after a failure occurs. It is a design quality that focuses on reducing the time and resources required for repairs through features like modularity and accessibility.
Mean Time to Repair (MTTR)
MTTR is the average time taken to repair a failed component or system and return it to service. It includes the time spent on discovery, analysis, actual repair work, and final
Read MoreHybrid and Plug-in Electric Vehicle Technology Explained
1. Compare Conventional HEVs and Gridable (Plug-in) HEVs
| Feature | Conventional HEV | Gridable HEV (PHEV) |
|---|---|---|
| Architecture | Uses an internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motor but cannot be charged from the grid. | Similar architecture but includes a plug-in charging system connected to the electrical grid. |
| Energy Storage | Smaller battery pack mainly charged by regenerative braking and engine generator. | Larger battery pack that can be charged using external electrical grid. |
| Operating Modes | Electric assist, engine |
Automotive Systems: Suspension, Ignition, Batteries & Drivetrain
Telescopic Shock Absorber
Construction
Cylinder (Outer Tube)
Main body filled with oil. Houses the piston rod and piston.
Piston Rod (Inner Tube)
Moves up and down inside the cylinder. Connected to the vehicle frame.
Piston
Has small orifices and valves for oil flow. Controls damping force.
Oil Reservoir
Space containing hydraulic oil. Provides resistance to piston movement.
Spring
Coil spring mounted around the shock absorber. Supports vehicle load and absorbs shocks.
Base Valve
Located at the bottom of the
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