Understanding Diabetes Mellitus: Definition and Classification

Diabetes Mellitus: Definition

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders sharing the common feature of hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia in diabetes results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycaemia and attendant metabolic dysregulation may be associated with secondary damage in multiple organ systems, especially the kidney, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels.

Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

Although all forms of diabetes mellitus share hyperglycaemia

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Understanding Diabetes Mellitus: Types, Diagnosis, and Pathogenesis

Understanding Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

  • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  • Other specific types of Diabetes
  • Gestational Diabetes
  • Glucose intolerance and impaired
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Clinical Research: Trials, Phases, and Study Types

Clinical Research Fundamentals

1. Definition of Clinical Research: A branch of medical science focused on determining the safety and effectiveness of medications, devices, diagnostic products, nutritional interventions, behavioral changes, and treatment regimens intended for human use.

2. Phase I Clinical Trial Objective: To ensure the safety of a new medication in humans.

3. Phase III Clinical Trial Characteristics: Involves a population with the disease, typically larger than 300 participants, and

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Diabetes Management: Medications, Education, and Hypoglycemia

Other Diabetes Medications

Other diabetes drugs include short-acting secretagogues for postprandial hyperglycemia, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors to decrease and delay intestinal glucose absorption, PPAR agonists to reduce tissue resistance to insulin, and anti-obesity drugs.

Diabetes Education

Diabetes education is a teaching-learning process where patients gain knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes to promote healthy behaviors. This helps avoid acute complications, prevent or delay chronic complications,

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Comprehensive Medical History and Clinical Research Insights

General Information / Demographics

Name, age, date of birth (DOB), gender/sex, marital status, religion, address, occupation, language, birthplace, schooling, blood type, race, contact information, emergency contact.

Chief Complaint

History of the chief complaint (when did it start/onset), location, evolution of symptoms, radiation, association, type of pain, intensity, medication, exacerbation (activities), if it’s the first time.

Family History / Family Diseases

Relevant medical information of first-

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Diabetes Management: Clinical Assessment and Treatment

Diabetes History Taking

Type and Duration of Diabetes

Current Hypoglycemia

Polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia, weight loss, blurred vision, recurrent cutaneous sepsis, urinary tract infections, balanitis, pruritus vulvae

Control

Home blood glucose monitoring, HbA1C, clinic visits advice

Admissions

DKA, HHS, Hypoglycemia

Current Treatment

Insulin

Duration, type of insulin, storage, who administers, where administered, what’s used to administer, dosage, skin problems related to injection sites.

Oral Hypoglycemic

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