Pharmacology of Respiratory and Endocrine Systems
Nervous System Overview
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
- Sympathetic (Fight or Flight): Adrenergic, sympathomimetic, adrenaline. Effects: ↑ HR, relax lungs, ↓ saliva, relax bowels, contract sphincter, relax bladder.
- Parasympathetic (Rest and Digest): Cholinergic, parasympathomimetic, acetylcholine. Effects: ↓ HR, contract lungs, ↑ saliva, contract bowels, relax sphincter, contract bladder.
Histamine and Respiratory Drugs
Histamine: Protection from foreign entities; causes allergic
Read MoreNutraceuticals: Health Benefits and Market Trends
General Aspects of Nutraceuticals
This section covers the market, growth, scope, and types of products available in the market. It examines the health benefits and the role of nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS (Cardiovascular) diseases, Cancer, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), and various Gastrointestinal diseases. Additionally, it includes the study of the following herbs as health foods: Alfalfa, Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic, Honey, Amla, Ginseng, Ashwagandha, and Spirulina.
Definition
Read MoreCardiovascular Pharmacology and Electrolyte Management
Electrolyte Imbalances
Potassium (K+)
- Hypokalemia (< 3.5): GI losses (N/V/D), dehydration, diuretic use, laxative abuse. Digoxin + hypokalemia = high toxicity risk. S/S: Arrhythmias (PVC to V-fib), muscle weakness, paresthesia, fatigue. ECG: Flat T, prominent U, low ST. Treat: PO/IV K+ supplements, K+-rich foods (OJ, banana, potato, spinach). NI: Monitor K+ with diuretics; IV rate < 10 mEq/h.
- Hyperkalemia (> 5): Renal disease, ACEI/ARBs, K+-sparing diuretics. S/S: Arrhythmias (PVC to V-fib)
Perioperative Care and Wound Management Essentials
Chapter 39: Perioperative Care
Preoperative Preparation
- Medical Evaluation: Includes mCXR, CBC, urinalysis, and EKG.
- Fasting: NPO for 6–8 hours before surgery.
- Personal Care:
- Hygiene: Complete bath, shower, or shampoo to reduce microbes.
- Grooming: Remove makeup, nail polish, and artificial nails to monitor color and circulation.
- Hair Care: Remove hairpins, clips, combs, wigs, and hairpieces. Use a surgical cap.
- Oral Hygiene: Do not allow the person to swallow water.
- Dentures: Provide care and store safely;
Fast Food Health Risks: Why You Should Avoid It
The Impact of Daily Fast Food Consumption
It is clear that many people eat fast food every day. Personally, I believe that people should never eat this type of food because it is bad for the body. One reason for this is that fast food is very unhealthy. It is a well-known fact that these meals contain too much **fat, salt, and sugar**. Secondly, eating this food frequently causes serious health problems. For instance, research has shown that it leads to *obesity and heart disease*. To conclude, fast
Read MoreCommon Chronic Diseases and Cellular Processes Explained
Common Chronic Diseases and Cellular Processes
Asthma
Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that makes them narrow, swell, and ultimately leads to shortness of breath, chest pain, and cough.
Causes
- Air pollution
- Smoking
- Weather changes
- Exposure to cold air
- Anxiety, stress, dust, etc.
Symptoms
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Wheezing
- Coughing
- Anxiety
- Paleness
- Sweating
Parkinson’s Disease
It is named after the British physician Dr. James Parkinson. It is a chronic and progressive neurologic
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