Aortic Stenosis & NSTEMI: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Aortic Stenosis (AS)
Definition
Narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the ascending aorta during systole.
Etiology
| Congenital | Acquired |
|---|---|
|
|
Pathophysiology
- Increased LV systolic & diastolic pressure → Prolonged ejection time
- LV pressure overload → LV concentric hypertrophy
- Increased myocardial O2 consumption
Body Language and Idioms: A Comprehensive Guide
Body Posture and Movement
- to crouch: to sit with legs bent under you so that you are close to the ground and leaning forward slightly
- to curl up: to move into a position where your body makes a rounded shape
- to duck: to quickly lower your head in order to avoid being hit by sth, or so as not to be seen
- to fidget: to be constantly moving your hands or your feet
- to flinch: to make a sudden small movement because sth has hurt you or has made you jump
- to frown: to lower your eyebrows because you are angry
Comprehensive Guide to Common Medical Conditions and Treatments
Consultation
Steps for Effective Patient Consultation:
- Describe and clarify the reason for the patient’s arrival.
- Collect the patient’s history and perform a physical examination (Hx + PR).
- Identify the patient’s attitude towards their disease/complaints.
- Establish and agree with the patient on the necessary tests and treatment (Tx).
- Complete the consultation with clear instructions and follow-up plans.
Motivation
Motivational Interviewing (MI)
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a brief, patient-centered
English-Catalan Vocabulary
Verb Tenses
stays – stayed
is staying – was staying
stayed – had stayed
has/had stayed
was staying – had been staying
has/had been staying
will stay – would stay
can – could may – might
= should will – would
must/have to – must/had to
Time Expressions
now – then today – that day
tonight – that night here – there
yesterday/last week/a month ago
the previous …/the … before
tomorrow/next week
the following…/the… after
this – that these – those
Grammatical Structures
Orders
v – to/not to v
Questions
have – if/whether
Suggestions
that
Read MoreGeneral and Local Anesthetics: Mechanisms, Effects, and Uses
General Anesthetics
Effects
Insensitivity to pain, loss of reflexes, amnesia, relaxation, loss of consciousness.
Drugs Used
- Opioids: analgesia (Fentanyl)
- Anxiolytics: anxiolysis, sedation, muscular relaxation (BDZ)
- Antiemetics: Avoid vomiting, aspiration (Metoclopramide)
General Anesthetics
Loss of consciousness, amnesia.
Administration
- Inhalation:
- Liquid Volatile: halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane
- Gases: nitrous oxide, xenon
- Intravenous: propofol, thiopental, ketamine, etomidate, BDZ
Adverse
Read MoreComprehensive Guide to NSAIDs, Antidepressants, Antipsychotics, and Anxiolytics
NSAIDs
Salicylates
- Aspirin
- Sodium Salicylate
Para-aminophenol Derivatives
- Acetaminophen
Pyrazolones and Pirazolindiones
- Dipyrone
- Phenylbutazone
Acetic Acid Derivatives
- Indomethacin
- Diclofenac
- Ketorolac
- Etodolac
- Tolmetin
- Sulindac
Propionic Acid Derivatives
- Ibuprofen
- Naproxen
- Ketoprofen
- Flurbiprofen
Oxicams
- Piroxicam
Anthranilic Acid Derivatives
- Mefenamic Acid
- Flufenamic Acid
- Meclofenamic Acid
Alkanones
- Nabumetone
Sulfonanilides (COXIBs)
- Celecoxib
- Etoricoxib
Mechanism of Action
NSAIDs inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), thereby
Read More