Thyroid Disorders: Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, and Related Conditions

Posted by on Jan 3, 2025 in Medicine & Health | 0 comments

Thyroid Disease

Hyperthyroidism (Excessive Production)

Definition:
  • Elevated thyroid hormone
  • Most T3 & T4 are bound to TBG, thus inactive
  • Free T3 & T4 are active
  • T3 is more active than T4
Primary Hyperthyroidism:
  • (Graves’ disease, Toxic Nodular Goiter, Hasitoxicosis)
  • High T3 + T4, Low TSH
  • Increased autonomous production
Secondary Hyperthyroidism:
  • (Pituitary adenoma)
  • Amiodarone can cause it
  • High T3 & T4, High TSH
  • Elevated TSH is the cause (e.g., Pituitary Adenoma)
Clinical Features:
  • Increased metabolism,
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Essential English Vocabulary: Personality, Health, Crime, Weather, Music, Media, Fashion

Posted by on Jan 3, 2025 in Medicine & Health | 0 comments

Essential English Vocabulary

Personality Adjectives

Ambitious: ambicioso, cheerful: encantador, eccentric: excentrico, insincere: insincero, self-confident: seguro de si mismo, impulsive: impulsivo, calm: calmado, arrogant: arrogante, conscientious: conciente, assertive: acertivo, funny: divertido, open-minded: libre de prejuicios, possessive: posesivo, insecure: inseguro, stubborn: obstinado, bad-tempered: mal caracter, immature: inmaduro, optimistic: optimista, vain: vanidoso, easy-going: facil

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Human Anatomy: Bones, Skin, Glands, and Body Parts

Posted by on Jan 3, 2025 in Medicine & Health | 0 comments

Skeletal System

Upper Limb Bones

The skeleton of each upper limb consists of 30 bones. These bones are: Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals (8), Metacarpals (5), Phalanges (14)

Pelvic Girdle

There are two pelvic girdles (one for each lower limb) but unlike the pectoral girdles, they are jointed with each other at symphysis pubis. Each pelvic girdle is a single bone in adults and is made up of three components: Ileum, Ischium and Pubis

Lower Limb Bones

The skeleton of each lower limb consists of 30 bones. These

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Burn Injuries, Low Back Pain, Cognitive Disabilities, and Mood Disorders: Impact and Management

Posted by on Dec 31, 2024 in Medicine & Health | 0 comments

Burn Injuries: Classification, Treatment, and Rehabilitation

Burns are classified according to their depth and size. The classifications are:

  • First-degree (superficial)
  • Second-degree (partial-thickness): Affects the top two layers of skin. Healing time is typically two to three weeks.
  • Third-degree (full-thickness): Extends through all skin layers and includes fatty tissue above the muscle.
  • Fourth-degree: Involves skin, fat, muscle, and bone. These burns result in slow healing, severe scarring, and loss
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Essential Vocabulary for English Language Learners

Posted by on Dec 30, 2024 in Medicine & Health | 0 comments

T2: Adjectives and Verbs

  • Addicted: Liking something very much.
  • Adventurous: Willing to try new and often difficult or dangerous things.
  • Aware: Knowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing.
  • Bothered: If you are bothered about something, it is important to you and you are worried about it.
  • Cautious: Taking care to avoid risks or danger.
  • Critical: Saying that someone or something is bad or wrong.
  • Decisive: Able to make decisions quickly and confidently, or showing
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Antiretroviral and Antidiabetic Drugs: Mechanisms, Uses, and More

Posted by on Dec 29, 2024 in Medicine & Health | 0 comments

Antiretroviral Drugs

Mechanism of Action (MOA)

Antiretroviral drugs act by inhibiting various stages of the HIV life cycle, including:

  • Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Prevent conversion of viral RNA to DNA.
    • NRTIs: Compete with nucleosides.
    • NNRTIs: Directly inhibit reverse transcriptase.
  • Protease Inhibitors (PIs): Inhibit viral protease, preventing maturation of virions.
  • Integrase Inhibitors: Prevent integration of viral DNA into host DNA.
  • Entry Inhibitors: Block entry of the virus into host cells.
  • Fusion
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