Key Medications: Uses, Mechanisms, and Side Effects
Phenytoin
Definition
Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant used to control seizures in epilepsy.
Mechanism of Action (MOA)
Phenytoin works by stabilizing neuronal membranes and reducing the spread of seizure activity through the brain by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels.
Uses
- Generalized tonic-clonic seizures
- Partial seizures
- Status epilepticus
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)
Common side effects include gingival hyperplasia, ataxia, dizziness, and rash. Severe reactions may include blood dyscrasias, hepatotoxicity,
Read MoreSubjective Global Assessment: Evaluating Nutritional Status
Subjective Global Assessment
- A) Anthropometry
- B) Biochemical data
- C) Physical examination
- D) Dietary assessment
- Changes in weight and height
- Changes in food intake
- Gastrointestinal symptoms > 2 weeks
- Functional capacity
- Disease and its relation to nutritional needs
Epidemiology and Physical Activity: Impact on Health
Epidemiology: Understanding Disease Patterns
Epidemiology is the science that investigates and quantifies the various factors determining the occurrence and patterns of disease within a particular group or community. It seeks to generalize this information to a larger population to better understand, modify, or control the pattern of diseases or health problems (McArdle, Katch, & Katch, 1998). Epidemiology establishes the magnitude of a given health problem, identifies the factors causing this
Read MoreUnderstanding Drugs: Effects, Types, and Neurotransmission
What are Drugs?
Drugs are substances that can cause dependence, stimulation, or depression of the central nervous system, leading to disruptions in judgment, behavior, or mood. In pharmacology and medicine, “drug” refers to the active ingredient used for treatment or prevention of diseases. However, socially, “drug” often denotes harmful, abused substances.
To be considered a drug, a substance must:
- Be introduced into a living organism and alter its functions.
- Lead to repeated use due to the pleasure
The Life of Joseph Merrick: The Elephant Man
London, 1884
In 1884 London, a doctor named Lord Frederick Treves was walking down the street when he found a painting in a shop window. Upon closer inspection, he saw it was a depiction of a creature, not a person, known as “The Elephant Man.” Intrigued, Dr. Treves entered the shop and encountered the creature, whose name was Joseph Merrick. Merrick was kept in a filthy room by the shop owner, Mr. Simons.
Merrick’s Appearance
Merrick’s appearance was striking. One side of his body, particularly his
Read MoreEmergency Preparedness: Safety and Response
Triangle of Life: Earthquake Safety
When buildings collapse, the weight of the roof often falls on objects or furniture inside, crushing them. However, a void is often created next to these objects. This space is known as the “Triangle of Life.” The larger, heavier, and stronger the object, the less it will be compacted. The less the object compacts under the weight, the greater the gap or hole beside it, and the greater the chance that a person using this void will not be injured.